Annexure II
Syllabus for Four Years Degree Course in Marine Engineering
1) Laws of Thermodynamics:
Thermodynamics and Heat Transmission - Thermodynamic Fundamentals, Perfect Gas, Second Law, Gas Cycles/ Engine Analysis, Properties of Vapours, Steam Cycles, Steam Turbine Velocity Diagrams, Refrigeration, Combustion Compressors, Heat Transfer, Air Conditioning.
Basic thermodynamic principles. Properties, energy, the First Law of Thermodynamic, flow and non-flow processes. Constant pressure process, Steady flow process. Second law of thermodynamics& T-S diagrams.
2) Ideal Gas cycles:
Constant volume cycle. Dual cycle. Air standard efficiency.
I.C. Engines, Elementary Principles and cycles of operation, Actual indicator diagrams. Mean effective pressure. Work done, power developed, indicated and brake thermal efficiencies, mechanical efficiency, overall efficiency. Fuel consumption. Heat balance.
3) Properties of pure substances:
Heat, Temperature and its measurement. Absolute temperature, pressure and its measurement
Specific heat capacity. Specific entropy. Specific enthalpy of evaporation and fusion. Problems involving changes of phase and not more than three substances.
4) Heat and work transfer:
Qualitative treatment of heat transfer by conduction convection and radiation. Laws of conduction and thermal conductance and applications to problems.
Cases Boyle’s and Charles laws for perfect gases. Characteristics equation. Constant R and its use in simple problems. Isothermal, adiabatic and polytropic process. Relationships between pressure, temperature and volume. Work done. Changes in internal energy.
Specific heat Cp and Cv and the relationship between them.
Heat engine cycle, Ideal gas cycles (Otto cycle, Diesel cycle, Dual cycle, Joule cycle).
Heat Cycle, Thermal Efficiency and Heat Balance of the Following - Marine diesel engine, Marine steam turbine, Marine gas turbine, Marine steam boiler.
5) Applied Thermodynamics:
Air compressors, Elementary principles and cycles of operation .Calculation of work done. Indicator diagrams.
Properties of steam. Saturated steam, dry, wet. Dryness fraction. Super-heated steam. Internal energy. Enthalpy. Specific volume. Steam tables. Throttling.
Steam plant. Advantages of using steam expansively. Rankine cycles. Operation principle, Basic construction and materials of Steam Turbine, Impulse Turbine, Reaction turbine, Bleeder turbine (extraction turbine), Regenerative turbine, Reheat turbine. Thermal, mechanical and overall efficiencies of prime movers. Steam cycle with economiser, air heater. Regenerative feed heating. Boiler efficiency, heat balance for engine and boiler trials. Change in dissolved solids in boilers and evaporators due to contaminated feed and effect of blowing down. Elementary principles of steam turbines including simple velocity diagrams for impulse and reaction turbines. Force and work done on blades.
Combustion. Solid and liquid fuels. Calorific value. Chemical equations for complete combustion. Theoretical minimum air required. Excess air.
Refrigerators and Refrigeration Cycle - Refrigeration and Air conditioning system design, operation and maintenance. Refrigeration. Vapour-compression cycle. Refrigerating effect.Cooling load. Use of tables of properties of refrigerants.
Coefficient of performance.
Gas dynamics, Gas nozzles and steam nozzles. One dimension flow of gases through varying cross section, critical pressure ratio, convergent nozzle, convergent-divergent nozzle,
Gas turbine Open cycle gas turbine, Operation principle & Basic construction. Effect on thermal efficiency due to change in pressure ratio, inclusion of inter-cooler, re-heaters and heat exchanger.
6) Mechanics and Hydromechanics - Statics, Dynamics, Friction, Balancing, Simple Harmonic Motion, Stress & Strain, Bending of Beams, Torsion, Struts, Combined Stress, Stresses in Thick Shells, Fluid Mechanics.
a) Statics:
Force as a vector. Triangle and polygon of forces. Resultant and equilibrium of a system of concurrent coplanar forces. Lami’s Theorem, Concurrent Forces in a Plane, Parallel forces in a Plane, General Case of forces in a Plane. Couples, Method of Moments, Plain Trusses (Method of Joints, Method of Sections, Method of Members),
Friction, Coefficient of friction, Friction angle. Energy and power lost due to Friction in simple bearings, Friction in belt drive, Efficiency of Screw jack (Square and V-Thread).
Centroids of composite body, Area & Volume (Pappus Theorem)
Simple lifting machine. Graphics of load-effort and load-efficiency. Linear law. Velocity ratio, mechanical advantages and efficiency of the following machines: Wheel and Axle, Differential Wheel and Axle, Rope Pulley blocks, Differential Pulley blocks, Warwick screw, worm-driven chain blocks and single and double purchase crab winches.
Virtual Work, Moment of Inertia of Plane figures, Moment of Inertia of Material Bodies.
b) Dynamics:
Linear motion. Graphs and equations for displacement, speed, velocity and uniform accelerations. Velocity as a vector. Relative velocities in one plane only. Angular motion. Equations for displacement, velocity and uniform acceleration. Kinematics of particle & rigid bodies, Impulse and Momentum principle, Work and Energy principle, Rectilinear Motion, Curvilinear Motion, Motion of Projectiles, Work and Energy, Use of D’Alembert’s formula, Instantaneous Center,
Problems with constant force or force with linear variation. Energy Potential energy. Kinetic energy of translation Newton’s laws of motion. Conservation of momentum. Centrifugal force and its application to conical pendulum, unloaded governor, curved tracks and machine parts. Stress in thin rim due to centrifugal action. Periodic motion (SHM).
Stress in thin rim due to centrifugal action Acceleration of connected bodies. Effect of simple air resistance on motion under the effect of gravity. Kinetic energy of translation and of rotation. Flywheels. Impulsive forces.Governors including sleeve friction. Simple harmonic motion. Simple pendulum. Simple vibrations. Dynamic balancing of masses rotating in one plane. Basic dynamics of the engine mechanism.
c) Strength of Material:
Stress and strain. Direct stress and strain. Modulus of elasticity. Shear stress and strain. Modulus of rigidity. Factor of safety. Stress due to restricted expansion or contraction of single members. Hydrostatic stresses and the corresponding strains. Relationship between three elastic constants. Thermal stress; Axial stresses in composite materials. Strength of welded joints.
Torsion. Strength and stiffness of solid or hollow shafts. Stress due to torsion. Power transmitted by shafts and coupling bolts. Torsion applied to stepped shafts, compound shafts and partial hollow shafts, Torsion applied to closely coiled springs, Plastic yielding of materials in Torsion. Torsion of shaft fitted with liner.
Thin shells. Circumferential and longitudinal stress in thin cylindrical shells subject to internal pressure. Thick cylinders, Lame's theory, compound cylinders,
Struts. Euler's theory and Euler's buckling load. Struts with both ends pin joined, both endsfixed, one end fixed and one end free. Rankine-Gordon Formula. Applied problems. Eccentric loading of short columns. Use of strut formulae.
Springs. Springs with axial load, Calculations for mean diameter of springs, wire diameter & number of coils. Closed coiled helical spring.
Concept of Strain Energy; Strain Energy due to normal and Shear Stresses; Strain Energy due to impact loads; Resilience.
Compound Stress and strain. Stresses on an oblique section, General two dimensional stress system, Principal planes and principal stresses, Strain on an oblique section, Determination of principal strains, Principal strain in three dimensions, Principal stresses determined from principal strains, Mohr's Diagram for stress and strain, Combined bending and twisting, Equivalent Bending Moment and Twisting Moment, Shear, bending and torsion, Theories of failure.
Beams. Simply supported beams, Cantilevers, Shearing force and bending moment diagrams for cantilevers, simply supported beams with concentrated and uniformly distributed loads. Stress due to bending. Strain energy due to bending, Application of impact. Deflection of Built-in beams and Continuous beams by integration and Macaulay's Method. Moment area Methods of deflection co-efficient. Deflection due to shear, Deflection by graphical method. Clapeyrons three moment theorem. Applied problems.
Thin Curved bar, Strain energy due to bending. Castigliano's theorem, and its application to curved bars, strain energy due to twisting. Applied problems.
d) Fluid Mechanics:
Properties of fluid-density, compressibility, vapour pressure, capillarity, Cavitation phenomena viscosity & measurement- rotating viscometer.
Euler's Formula, Bernoulis Formula, Energy equations & applications, Flow rate measurement-Venturimeter, Orificemeter & Pilot tube.
Impact of jets-force exerted by jet on a flat, curved plates & pipe bend. Surge pressure and control.
Equilibrium of floating bodies. Variation of fluid pressure with depth. Total force due to liquid pressure on immersed plane surfaces horizontal or vertical. Centre of pressure on a rectangular vertical plane surface or triangular plane surface, both with one edge parallel to the surface of the liquid. Coefficient of velocity, contraction of area and discharge.
7) Hydraulics.
Full bore flow of liquid through pipes under constant head. Flow through orifice. Flow through pipes, Flow through parallel concentric pipes, Flow through parallel plates, Coefficient of velocity, contraction of area and discharge.
Bernoulli’s equation and applications. Venturi-meter. Force exerted by a jet.Blade diagrams for a centrifugal pump.
Control: Simple flow and control problems.
8) Differential Calculus:
Differentiation of algebraic, circular, exponential and logarithmic functions, of products, quotients functions of a function and simple implicit functions.
Successivedifferentiation - intro. and notation, nth order derivatives of std. Functions, nth order derivatives using (a) trig. Identities and std. fns.(b) partial fractions, Leibnitz' Theorem, Maclaurin's Theorem and std. Expansions, Expansions using std. Expansions, Taylor's Theorem, Indeterminate forms and L'Hospital's rule, Curve tracing of cartesian and polar curves.
Functions of several variables, limits and continuity, Partial derivatives - def., geometrical interpretation and rules of partial differentiation, Higher order partial derivatives, Homogeneous fns. and Euler's Theorem, Total derivatives and chain rules, Implicit fns. and composite fns., Errors and approximations, Maxima and minima, Lagrange's multipliers.
9) Integral Calculus:
Integration of standard forms by substitution and by parts. The definite integral as the limit of a sum. Application of integration to area under curve; volume of revolution; First moment of area and the position of a centroid of an area; Work done by variable forces; mean values, Root mean square values of Sin nx and Cos nx. The rules of Guldinus.
Theorems of parallel and perpendicular axes. Second moments of area and moments of inertia of a rectangular and circular laminas.
Multiple Integrals. Double and Triple Integrals. Region of integration and change of order of integration. Spherical Polar and Cylindrical Co-ordinates. Applications –Area, Volume, Mass of wire, lamina and solid. Centre of Gravity of wire, lamina and solid. Moment of Inertia using multiple integrals.
10) Ordinary Differential Equations:
Def., order and degree, formation of differential equation. Solution of first order, first degree equations in variable separable form, homogeneous equations. other substitutions, Equations.
Reducible to homogeneous and exact differential equations.
Equations reducible to exact, IF, Linear differential equation. Of first order first degree, reducible to linear, Applications to electrical circuits and orthogonal trajectories, nth order LDE - def. and complementary solution, Methods of obtaining PI, Method of variation of parameters, Method of undetermined coefficients, Cauchy's homogeneous LDE and Legendre's equation., System of Ordinary differential equations.
Simultaneous equations. in symmetrical form,
Applications to deflection of beams, struts and columns, Applications to electrical circuits and coupled circuits.
11) Calculus of Finite Differences:
Difference operators and relation between them, Algebra of finite difference operators,
Newton's forward and backward interpolation formulae, Stirling's interpolation formula
Lagrange's interpolation formula, Numerical differentiation, Numerical integration, Difference
equations - def., formation and solution, Linear difference equation. with constant coefficients.
12) Marine Engineering Materials:
Characteristics and limitations of materials used in construction and repair of ships and equipment - Basic Metallurgy, Metals and Processes, Properties and Uses, Non-Metallic Materials.
Characteristics and limitations of process used for fabrication and repair - Process, Heat Treatment of Carbon Steel.
Properties and parameters considered in the fabrication and repair of systems and components - Materials Under Load, Vibration, Self-Secured Joints, Permanent Joints, Bonding Plastics, Adhesives and Bonding, Pipework.
Iron Carbon Equilibrium Diagram, Non Ferrous alloys, Welding, Gas cutting, Materials under load, Vibrations. Mechanical testing of Materials, Failure modes viz plastic deformation, fracture, fatigue, creep.
Design characteristics and selection of materials in construction of equipment.
Technology of Material - Metallurgy of Steel and Cast Iron, Properties and application of material used in machinery on board ships, Engineering processes used in construction and repair,
Materials and welding - Destructive and non-destructive testing of material.
Non-Destructive Examination - Different types of non-destructive examination.
13) Fabrication, Welding, Joining and Cutting:
Permanent joints, Riveting, Soldering, Self secured joints, Safety and health when welding, Principles of electrical arc welding, Principles of gas welding, Welded joints and low carbon steels, Common faults in welded joints, Plate work-marking out, Thermal Cutting, Mechanical Cutting, Forming, Bending Plates, Inspection, Pipe work. Non-destructive testings.
Manufacture of components. Gauges, deck machinery, gearing, clutches.
14) Industrial Chemistry:
Fundamentals, Acidity/Alkalinity, Corrosion, Water testing/treatment, Introduction to fuels and lubricants, toxic and other ill effects of cargoes on human and environment.
15) Corrosion Control on Board Ship:
Thermodynamics & Kinetics of corrosion, various forms of corrosion, corrosion prevention methods.
16) Types of Technical Drawings, Lettering, Dimensioning, Limits and fits, Geometrical tolerance Line work, Pictorial Projection, Development of Surface, Isometric Projection / Views,Orthographic Projection, Missing Views, Machine Parts, Screw threads and fasteners, Locking and retaining devices, Riveted type fastenings, Welded connections, Design Characteristics of Bearings, Seals, Lubrication arrangement, ball and roller bearings. Machinery Components and Assembly drawings, and Blue Print Reading.
Interpretation of machinery drawings and handbooks marine engineering drawing and design. The interpretation of piping, hydraulic and pneumatic diagrams.
17) Sample List drawings:
{Air Inlet Valve, Automatic Valve, Ballast Chest, Bilge Suction Strainer, Burner Carrier, Connecting Road and Bearings, Control Valve, Crosshead and Guide Shoe, Cylinder Relief Valve, Feed Check Valve, Flow Regulator, Full Bore Safety Valve, Gauge Glass ( Plate Type), Gear Pump, High Lift Safety Valve, Oil Strainer, Parallel Slide Stop Valve, Pedestal Bearing, Piston ( 4 Stroke), Piston ( Upper and Rod), Piston Type Stop Valve, Reducing Valve, Starting Air Valve, Starting Air Pilot Valve, Stern Tube and Tail Shaft, Telemotor Receiver, Tunnel Bearing, Valve Actuator.}
18) English language:
Ability to communicate in oral form & write technical reports: understand and use technical/engineering publications.
19) Internal communication systems:
Operation of all internal communication systems on board and maintain Statutory communication Records.
The systems would include ship’s telephone system, communication system between engine room and wheel house, two-way communication system and public address systems.
Operation and maintenance at respective control station for all alarms and indicators.
Record keeping of all communication systems.
20) Engine Room Resource Management:
ERM - Allocation, assignment and prioritization of the resources, effective communication, assertiveness and leadership, obtaining and maintaining situational awareness, consideration of team experience.
ERM principles based on Bridge Resource Management, Necessity of ERM - ERM in terms of maintaining the safe engineering watch, Resources considered in ERM - Resource management eg, personnel management, information management and management of installations/ equipment, Necessity to practice ERM - Allocation, assignment and prioritization of the resources, effective communication, assertiveness and leadership, obtaining and maintaining situational awareness, consideration of team experience.
21) Introduction to ship and ship’s Routines:
Sensing and monitoring devices associated with marine equipment; Propulsion transmission systems, including thrust and shaft bearings, stern tubes and propellers, Shafting Installations and Propeller – Equipment constructing shafting, Types of propeller and features, Material of construction and definitions, Cavitation.
Steering and stabilising systems, including bow thrusters, Steering gear principles - Operation, Principles, Types, Material of construction, Steering gear electric control, Hydraulic power operated rudder systems, Hydraulic power rotary pumps, Automatic control systems.
Refrigeration machinery and air conditioning systems; Safe and efficient operation in the UMS mode,Refrigeration - Marine refrigeration cycle, Principles of refrigeration, Refrigerating compressors and system components, Refrigerating system brines, Cold storage spaces and insulation, Air conditioning and ventilation system.
Deck Machinery - Operation, Principles, Types, Material of construction, Windlass/ mooring winch, Winch, Boat winch.
22) Auxiliary steam boilers and Auxiliary steam plant:
Steam boiler mountings and feed water systems; Auxiliary steam boilers and associated equipment, Boiler water testing and conditioning. Operation of auxiliary steam plant,pipelines, condenser, drain cooler. Auxiliary boiler fuel and air blower system.
Methods of checking water level in steam boilers and action necessary if water level is abnormal.
Marine Boiler- Steam boiler fuel atomization and combustion, Marine boiler fundamentals, Marine Boiler construction, Boiler mountings and steam distribution, Marine boiler operation.
23) Safe Engineering Watch-keeping:
Procedures to be adopted in safe watch keeping. Procedures for taking over and handing over watches. Routine work during watch keeping such as soot blowing, cleaning of filters, pumping out of bilges through oily bilge separator, routine pumping operations of fuel oil, ballast water, fire pump and cargo pumping system, remote operation of pumping system and associated controls, purification and clarification of fuel oil, purification of lubricating oil. Construction and characteristics of Separators, Purifiers and Clarifier, Purifier and fuel oil treatment - Operation, Principles, Types, Material of construction.