CHAPTER 2 Beginnings of English America,1607–1660
MATCHING
Match each item with the correct statement below
a. / Proprietor of Marylandb. / Wife of John Rolfe
c. / Pilgrim leader
d. / Leader of Indians near Jamestown
e. / Governor of Massachusetts
f. / Failed settlement in Virginia
g. / Was denounced for Antinomianism
h. / Indian who helped the Pilgrims
i. / Preached about the elect and the damned
j. / Established Rhode Island
k. / Wrote a balanced constitution was essential to liberties
l. / Settler of Jamestown
1.Squanto
2.John Smith
3.Anne Huntchinson
4.Powhatan
5.John Calvin
6.Roger Williams
7.Cecilius Calvert
8.John Winthrop
9.William Bradford
10.Pocahontas
11.Walter Raleigh
12.Henry Care
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Match each item with the correct statement below
a. / Principles of religious tolerationb. / Believed the spirit of God dwelled in Religion all persons
c. / Gave 5–7 years of service for passage to America
d. / First elected assembly in colonial America
e. / Charter company that established Jamestown
f. / First written frame of government in British America
g. / A compromise for the descendants of the Great Migration
h. / Primary economy of the Chesapeake colonies
i. / Argued the Church of England was still too Catholic
j. / Getting fifty acres to anyone who paid his own passage
k. / A political movement favoring expanded liberties
l. / Document embodying English freedom
13.Virginia Company
14.An Act Concerning
15.Puritans
16.Tobacco
17.Mayflower Compact
18.Headright system
19.Quakers
20.Indentured servant
21.House of Burgesses
22.Half-Way Covenant
23.Magna Carta
24.Levellers
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MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.Despite the dangers, many English were drawn to North America because
a. / economic conditions in England were bad.b. / there was a constant demand for cheap labor in North America.
c. / it was a natural extension of the migration at home of an increasingly mobile English population.
d. / land was believed to be plentiful in North America.
e. / All of the above
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2.Indentured servants
a. / could be bought and sold.b. / could marry whomever they pleased without permission from their owner.
c. / could not be subjected to physical punishments.
d. / could not have their contract extended if they became pregnant.
e. / were able to nullify their labor obligation by the courts.
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3.What did English settlers believe was the basis of liberty?
a. / Freedomb. / Land
c. / Citizenship
d. / Belief in God
e. / Economic independence
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4.The English were chiefly interested in
a. / organizing Indian labor.b. / making the Indians subjects of the Crown.
c. / merging English communities with Indian communities.
d. / displacing Indians from their land.
e. / converting Indians to Christianity.
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5.Why was the survival of Jamestown questionable in its early history?
a. / There was a high death rate of its settlers.b. / Leadership changed repeatedly.
c. / Settlers were more concerned with seeking a quick profit.
d. / Supplies from England were inadequate.
e. / All of the above
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6.The marriage between John Rolfe and Pocahontas
a. / brought unrest and conflict between the English and the Indians.b. / split the church.
c. / symbolized Anglo-Indian harmony and missionary success.
d. / marked the beginnings of many ethnically mixed marriages between Indians and the English.
e. / caused King James I to denounce John Rolfe.
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7.It can be argued that conflict between the English and local Indians became inevitable when
a. / the English decided to establish a permanent colony, not just a trading post.b. / Pocahontas married John Rolfe.
c. / John Smith established Jamestown.
d. / Opechancanough led an attack against the Virginian settlers.
e. / None of the above
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8.Out of the 6,000 persons sent to Virginia via the Virginia Company, the approximate population of the settlement in 1624 when it surrendered its charter to the English crown was
a. / 7,000.b. / 6,000.
c. / 4,000.
d. / 3,000.
e. / 1,000.
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9.What was Virginia’s “gold,” that ensured its survival and prosperity?
a. / Cottonb. / Fur
c. / Tobacco
d. / Indigo
e. / Sugar
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10.To entice settlers to Virginia, the Virginia Company established the headright system, which
a. / granted religious freedom.b. / provided land to settlers who paid their own passage.
c. / brought slavery to the colony.
d. / promised every single man a bride.
e. / enslaved Indians.
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11.Which statement about women in the early Virginia colony is false?
a. / Women mostly came to Virginia as indentured servants.b. / Some women took advantage of their legal status as femme sole.
c. / Women consisted of about half the white population.
d. / Women often married at a relatively late age—mid-20s.
e. / There was a high death rate among women.
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12.Which colony adopted the Act Concerning Religion in 1649, which institutionalized the principle of toleration?
a. / Virginiab. / Maryland
c. / Massachusetts
d. / Rhode Island
e. / Connecticut
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13.English Puritans
a. / were loyal to Charles I.b. / believed that the Church of England still closely resembled the Catholic church in its rituals.
c. / fled to France for religious freedom before coming to America.
d. / followed the teachings of Protestant theologian Martin Luther.
e. / believed in the separation of church and state.
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14.The Mayflower Compact established
a. / religious toleration and freedom.b. / the right to emigrate to America.
c. / a charter company.
d. / a civil government for the colony.
e. / relations with the local Indians.
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15.Puritan women
a. / could not legally divorce.b. / were not allowed full church membership.
c. / achieved freedom by embracing subjection to her husband’s authority.
d. / could become ministers.
e. / married late in life.
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16.Puritans defined liberty through
a. / social rank.b. / God.
c. / the Book of Liberties.
d. / custom.
e. / All of the above
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17.In Massachusetts, freeman status was granted to adult males who
a. / owned land, regardless of church standing.b. / had served their term as an indentured servant.
c. / were freed slaves.
d. / were landowning church members.
e. / voted.
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18.Rhode Island
a. / had no established church.b. / required all male citizens to attend church.
c. / only elected its assembly and governor every four years.
d. / had no mechanism for town meetings.
e. / was established by Anne Hutchinson.
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19.New England’s economy was based on
a. / tobacco.b. / sugar.
c. / trade.
d. / banking.
e. / fishing.
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20.In contrast to life in the Chesapeake region, life in New England
a. / was more family oriented.b. / was not as structured.
c. / was not characterized as a deeply religious area.
d. / saw more independent roles for women.
e. / centered on an economy based on one cash crop.
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21.What motivated the English crown to colonize America?
a. / National gloryb. / To strike a blow against Spain
c. / To establish a trading empire
d. / All of the above
e. / None of the above
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22.What idea did the Magna Carta not embody?
a. / Habeas corpusb. / Religious freedom
c. / Trial by jury
d. / The right to face one’s accuser
e. / None of the above
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23.The Levellers and Diggers were
a. / political groups.b. / labor groups.
c. / conquistadores.
d. / names of British ships.
e. / Indian tribes.
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24.A consequence of the English Civil War of the 1640s was
a. / a belief that England was the world’s guardian of liberty.b. / increased slave trading.
c. / the establishment of Plymouth Colony.
d. / the signing of the Magna Carta.
e. / war between Spain and England.
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25.Just as the reconquest of Spain from the Moors established patterns that would be repeated in Spanish New World colonization, the methods used in which of the following countries anticipated policies England would undertake in America?
a. / Irelandb. / India
c. / China
d. / Scotland
e. / Wales
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26.The Half-Way Covenant was issued by the
a. / Puritans.b. / Quakers.
c. / Pilgrims.
d. / Levellers.
e. / Anglicans.
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27.Roger Williams was banished from Massachusetts because he differed with the Puritans on which basic issue?
a. / The role of womenb. / Slavery
c. / The Bible
d. / Church-state relations
e. / All of the above
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28.Who did Pocahontas marry?
a. / John Smithb. / John Rolfe
c. / Sir Walter Raleigh
d. / Roger Williams
e. / John Winthrop
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29.John Winthrop identified two kinds of liberty in his speech to the Massachusetts General Court in 1645. They were
a. / Christian and pure.b. / natural and lawful.
c. / civil and pure.
d. / genuine and natural.
e. / natural and civil.
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30.In the famous Armada Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I, by the artist George Gower, what does Elizabeth have her hand resting on?
a. / A globeb. / A sword
c. / A cat
d. / Her crown
e. / The Bible
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31.What does the seal of the Massachusetts Bay Colony imply?
a. / That the Indians wished for the English to come over and help liberate themb. / That the Puritans were establishing a “city upon a hill” and a religious refuge
c. / That the new colony was prosperous through fur trading, fishing, and timber industries
d. / That the area was filled with hostile Indians that would be subdued through the force of the militia
e. / None of the above
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32.After the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell ruled England and his vision included
a. / an expansion of Protestantism.b. / an aggressive expansion of the empire.
c. / commercial empowerment for the Western Hemisphere.
d. / All of the above
e. / None of the above
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33.Massachusetts banished Roger Williams for disagreeing with the Puritan religious orthodoxy, but the colony also banished
a. / John Winthrop.b. / Sir Walter Raleigh.
c. / Pocahontas.
d. / Anne Hutchinson.
e. / Henry Care.
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34.Which colony sided with Charles I during the English Civil War?
a. / Massachusettsb. / Virginia
c. / Maryland
d. / Rhode Island
e. / Connecticut
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35.For most New Englanders, Indians represented
a. / savagery.b. / teachers.
c. / curiosities.
d. / culture.
e. / survival.
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36.Why did King Henry VII break with the Catholic Church?
a. / The Pope had banned England from exploring the New World because the church already had limited land ownership there to Spain and Portugal.b. / He wanted a divorce, and the pope refused to grant it.
c. / He was trying to unify Great Britain.
d. / He wanted to be pope, and the College of Cardinals refused to elect an English Catholic.
e. / He did not break with the church; his son and successor Henry VIII did.
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37.Why was Queen Mary so controversial?
a. / She had overthrown her brother King Edward, who was very popular.b. / She abdicated to allow her sister Elizabeth to ascend the throne, and Elizabeth promptly restored Catholicism to Great Britain.
c. / She restored Catholicism as the state religion and executed a number of Protestants.
d. / She refused to allow overseas exploration.
e. / She tried to lead an expedition to the New World personally.
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38.Great Britain’s policies in colonizing the New World
a. / resembled those Queen Mary had used in subduing the Protestant uprising in Ireland.b. / were far more humane than those of Spain and France.
c. / avoided military conquest in favor of negotiations.
d. / were established in response to the example set by the Dutch.
e. / None of the above
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39.Why did Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh fail in their attempts to colonize the New World?
a. / The government provided insufficient financial support.b. / They were more interested in agriculture than in trade, and they chose areas without good farmland.
c. / They tried to set up colonies on the coast of Florida, and the Spanish fought off their attempts.
d. / Native Americans attacked the settlers, driving them from the land.
e. / They tried to mingle Protestants and Catholics, who were unable to get along.
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40.Why did England consider Spain its enemy?
a. / Because of religious differences: England was committed to the Protestant Reformation, while Spain was devoutly Catholic.b. / Because of the Spanish Armada’s successful invasion of Great Britain in 1588.
c. / Because Spain had allied with France to invade English colonies in the New World.
d. / Because one of Henry VIII’s beheaded wives was a Spanish princess, and the Spanish government announced it would be at war with England until Henry apologized.
e. / All of the above
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41.How did Richard Hakluyt explain his claim that there was a connection between freedom and colonization?
a. / The English constitutional system would improve on Spain’s less structured system in the New World.b. / English colonization would save the New World from Spanish tyranny.
c. / The only way to achieve true freedom was through wealth, and the abundant gold in the New World would make all Englishmen wealthy.
d. / He claimed no such connection; he saw them as separate and unrelated.
e. / None of the above
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42.What was the enclosure movement?
a. / An effort by the Catholic Church to take over English churches by surrounding themb. / A military maneuver that Sir Walter Raleigh’s colonists at Roanoke unsuccessfully used to defend themselves
c. / An effort by British landowners to make more profits from the land that peasants had tilled
d. / An effort by British landowners to enclose crops with modern farming techniques
e. / None of the above
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43.As a result of British landowners evicting peasants from their lands in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries,
a. / there was an increase in the number of jobless peasants, whom the British government aided with an early form of welfare.b. / efforts were made to persuade or even force those who had been evicted to settle in the New World, thereby easing the British population crisis.
c. / mass numbers of peasants converted from Protestantism to Catholicism, because the Catholic Church took better care of the poor.
d. / there was a sharp reduction in the number of sheep and other livestock.
e. / the spread of the Black Plague decreased due to the elimination of such cramped living quarters.
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44.Which of the following is true of poverty in seventeenth-century Great Britain?
a. / About half of the population lived at or below the poverty line by the end of the seventeenth century.b. / The problem was so bad that Henry VIII authorized judges to order the jobless to work.
c. / Poverty rates were worse in British colonies than in the mother country.
d. / John Winthrop solved the problem by creating the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
e. / Her failure to address the problem helped lead to the overthrow of Queen Mary.
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45.In Great Britain, the idea of working for wages
a. / was so dishonorable that many refused to accept money for their work and instead received food and shelter.b. / was associated with servility and the loss of liberty.
c. / was romanticized in ballads and tales.
d. / meant true freedom.
e. / did not exist; the British used only barter for currency.
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46.English freedom
a. / involved knowing one’s place in society and fulfilling one’s duties according to rank.b. / included the seemingly contradictory idea of obedience.
c. / allowed each social class its own degree of freedom, appropriate to its station.
d. / still bore the imprint of an understanding of liberty derived from the Middle Ages.
e. / All of the above
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47.In Great Britain in the seventeenth century, freedom of speech
a. / belonged to members of the House of Lords, but not to members of the House of Commons.b. / belonged to members of the royal family and no one else.
c. / was limited to members of the House of Commons during parliamentary sessions.
d. / was the first amendment of the English Constitution, which was later changed.
e. / None of the above
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48.A central element in the definition of English liberty was
a. / the right to a trial by jury.b. / the right to self-incrimination.
c. / that each English citizen owned a copy of the English Constitution.
d. / freedom of expression.
e. / what an individual king or queen said it was.
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49.The Magna Carta
a. / was an agreement between King Henry VIII and the Anglican Church.b. / guaranteed religious freedom in Great Britain.
c. / granted many liberties, but mainly to lords and barons.
d. / was seen as embodying English freedom, until Parliament repealed it in 1722.
e. / was, like the English constitution, unwritten.
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50.In the battles between Parliament and the Stuart kings, English freedom
a. / played a minimal role.b. / greatly expanded amid the debate over which of these groups should be elected.
c. / remained an important and a much-debated concept even after Charles I was beheaded.
d. / was the excuse given for restoring Charles II in 1685.
e. / led to the overthrow of James III in 1700.
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51.The House of Commons accused the Stuart kings of
a. / endangering liberty by imposing taxes without parliamentary consent.b. / imprisoning political foes.
c. / trying to stop the spread of Catholicism.
d. / All of the above
e. / a and b.
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52.During the English political upheaval between 1640 and 1660,
a. / new religious sects began demanding the end of public financing and special privileges for the Anglican Church.b. / groups began calling for the elimination of a written English constitution, on the grounds that kings merely abused its privileges.
c. / writer John Milton called for an end to freedom of speech and press, because it caused too much controversy.
d. / the execution of King Charles II led to new debates about crime and punishment.
e. / thousands of American colonists came home to participate in the civil war.
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53.The Levellers
a. / got their name for knocking down (leveling) the Parliament building.b. / were the first democratic political movement, calling for the strengthening of freedom and democracy at a time when those principles were seen as possibly contributing to anarchy.
c. / opposed a written constitution on the grounds that it institutionalized social inequality.
d. / proposed to abolish Parliament.
e. / claimed the world was flat or level.
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