Autonomic Nervous System

Chapter 16

Autonomic Nervous System

A. Introduction

1.various glands 2.conscious 3.parasympathetic 4.emergency 5.restful

1. The autonomic nervous system controls visceral activities by regulating the actions of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and ______

2. The autonomic nervous system functions without ______effort.

B. General Characteristics

1. The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are sympathetic and ______.

2. The sympathetic division prepares the body for energy-expending, stressful, or ______situations.

3. The parasympathetic division is most active during ordinary, ______conditions.

C. Autonomic Nerve Fibers

1. motor 2.two 3.preganglionic 4.postganglionic 5. synapses 6. effector

1. All nerve neurons of the autonomic nervous system are ______neurons.

2. In the autonomic system, motor pathways include ______neurons.

3. A ______fiber is an axon of a preganglionic neuron.

4. A postganglionic fiber is an axon of a ______neuron.

5. A preganglionic fiber ______with a postganglionic neuron.

6. A postganglionic fiber synapses with an visceral ______, such as a gland.

D. Sympathetic Division

1. lateral horns 2. whiterami 3. Paravertebral ganglia 4.sympathetic trunks

5.collateral ganglia 6. sympathetic ganglion.7. visceral effectors 8.Gray rami

1. In the sympathetic division, the preganglionic fibers originate from neurons within the ______of the spinal cord. These neurons are in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

2. In the sympathetic division, the preganglionic fibers leave the spinal nerves through ______and enter sympathetic ganglia.

3. Paravertebral ganglia are located in chains along the sides of the vertebral column.

4. The ______are Paravertebral ganglia and the fibers that connect the ganglia.

5. The ______are located within the abdomen, closely associated with certain large blood vessels.

6. Typically a preganglionic axon of the sympathetic nervous system synapses with several other neurons within a ______.

7. In the sympathetic division, the postganglionic fibers extend from the sympathetic ganglia to ______.

8. ______are branches that contain unmyelinated postganglionic axons.

E. Parasympathetic Division

1. sacral2. near or within various organs3. visceral organs 4. unmyelinated

1. The preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division arise from neurons in

the midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, and from part of the ______

region of the spinal cord.

2. The preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division lead to ganglia that are located ______.

3. The short postganlionic fibers of the parasympathetic division lead to specific muscles or glands within visceral organs.

4. Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are usually myelinated and the postganglionic fibers are usually ______.

F. Autonomic Neurotransmitters

1.different effects 2. acetylcholine 3. cholinergic.4. adrenergic 5.tone

1. The different postganglionic neurotransmitters are responsible for the ______that the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions have on organs.

2. The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions secrete acetylcholine and are called cholinergic.

3. The parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are ______.

4. Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons secrete norepinephrineand are called______.

5. Sympathetic ______is a state of constant partial contraction of smooth muscles in the wall of blood vessels caused by sympathetic innervation.

G. Actions of Autonomic Neurotransmitters

1. effector 2. nicotinic. 3. Muscarinic 4.sympathetic 5.excitatory 6.excitatory

7.beta8.Acetylcholinesterase

1. The actions of autonomic neurotransmitters result from their binding to protein receptors in the membrane of ______cells.

2. Two types of cholinergic receptors are muscarinic and ______.

3. ______receptors are located in the membranes of effector cells at the ends of all postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers and at the ends of the cholinergic sympathetic fibers.

4. Nicotinic receptors are located in the synapses between the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic and ______pathways.

5. Responses from muscarinic receptors are ______and slow.

6. Responses from nicotinic receptors are ______and ______.

7. The two major types of adrenergic receptors are alpha and ______receptors.

8. ______decomposes acetylcholine.

H. Control of Autonomic Activity

1. brain 2. emotional

1. The autonomic nervous system is largely controlled by the ______and spinal cord.

2. The limbic system and cerebral cortex control the autonomic nervous system during ______stress.

IX. Life-Span Changes

A. Apoptosis B. thirty C.10%.D. neurotransmitters E. reflexes F.sympathetic G.reticular activating system.

A. ______is a form of programmed cell death and first occurs during development.

B. By age ______, the die-off of neurons accelerates.

C. Over an average lifetime, the brain shrinks by about ______

D. With aging, the numbers of dendritic branches and amounts of ______decrease.

E. Noticeable signs of a normally aging nervous system include fading memory and slowed responses and reflexes.

F. Decline in function of the ______nervous system may cause transient drops in blood pressure.

G. Changes in sleep patterns reflect the functioning of the ______