Ministry of Paul, Lesson 2
JERUSALEM: Center of Judaism & Saul-the-bounty-hunter's Base of Operations
17 September 2012
Bob Kaylor, Saving Grace Lutheran Church
All quotations from HOLY BIBLE, NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION c 1984
History of the city: Evidence for habitation of Jerusalem goes back to the Calcolithic Age, but it appears that the city was first fortified during the middle Bronze Age. It was originally built by the Jebusites, a Canaanite people, around the Gihon Spring on a hill to the south of Mount Zion. The name “Jerusalem” or something like it appears to be very ancient. Egyptian writings from before Moses put pen to paper to write Genesis and Exodus mention a Rosh-lamem, and this appears to have been Jerusalem. During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured or recaptured 44 times.
Biblical connections:The name “Jerusalem” appears in our Bible 771times, and the city is alluded to many other times. It is also referred to by the name “Jebus” several times, which seems to have been what the Canaanites’ called it. It is first mentioned in Joshua 10:1 during the Israelites’ conquest of the Promised Land. The Jebusites were not driven out at that time and continued to occupy the city until King David finally conquered them approximately 400 years later and made it his capital city. From that point (2 Samuel 5), on through most of the New Testament, Jerusalem has a prominent role. For Israel, Jerusalem was the seat of religion, the seat of government, and the center of commerce. It was the site of Solomon’s Temple prior to the Babylonian captivity, and later Zerubabel’s Temple, which Herod the Great remodeled and expanded to be the temple Jesus and his disciples visited. (The most widely known events to occur in Jerusalem, of course, relate to the ministry, death and resurrection of Jesus.) Saul/Paul…remember him, the guy this study series is about…was educated in Jerusalem.
Ac 22:3 “I am a Jew, born in Tarsus of Cilicia, but brought up in [Jerusalem]. Under Gamaliel I was thoroughly trained in the law of our fathers and was just as zealous for God as any of you are today.
Jerusalem is also where we first meet Saul/Paul. He was an accessory to the murder of Stephen, the first Christian Martyr.
Ac 7:57 At this they covered their ears and, yelling at the top of their voices, they all rushed at [Stephen], 58 dragged him out of the city and began to stone him. Meanwhile, the witnesses laid their clothes at the feet of a young man named Saul.
Ac 8:1 And Saul was there, giving approval to his death.
It was in Jerusalem that Saul of Tarsus first acted as a bounty hunter, and was commissioned by the Sanhedrin (Jewish ruling council) to launch his campaigns to hunt down Christians in Syria.
Ac 8:3 But Saul began to destroy the church. Going from house to house, he dragged off men and women and put them in prison.
Ac 9:1 Meanwhile, Saul was still breathing out murderous threats against the Lord’s disciples. He went to the high priest 2 and asked him for letters to the synagogues in Damascus, so that if he found any there who belonged to the Way, whether men or women, he might take them as prisoners to Jerusalem.
After his conversion, Paul visited Jerusalem several times in the course of his ministry. The first time was about A.D. 37. At first, the church was afraid to receive him, but Barnabas vouched for him. He was then given free access and preached boldly.
Ac 9:26 When he came to Jerusalem, he tried to join the disciples, but they were all afraid of him, not believing that he really was a disciple. 27 But Barnabas took him and brought him to the apostles. He told them how Saul on his journey had seen the Lord and that the Lord had spoken to him, and how in Damascus he had preached fearlessly in the name of Jesus. 28 So Saul stayed with them and moved about freely in Jerusalem, speaking boldly in the name of the Lord.
Paul disputed with the Hellenists (Grecian Jews) who threatened his life. It is evident that Paul has now become a dangerous enemy to his former friends. His testimony concerning the Lord and his own conversion is difficult to answer, and the opposition is willing to do anything to silence him! At this point Paul returns home (Tarsus).
Ac 9:29 He talked and debated with the Grecian Jews, but they tried to kill him.
Ac 22:17 “When I returned to Jerusalem and was praying at the temple, I fell into a trance 18 and saw the Lord speaking. ‘Quick!’ he said to me. ‘Leave Jerusalem immediately, because they will not accept your testimony about me.’19“ ‘Lord,’ I replied, ‘these men know that I went from one synagogue to another to imprison and beat those who believe in you. 20 And when the blood of your martyr Stephen was shed, I stood there giving my approval and guarding the clothes of those who were killing him.’ 21 “Then the Lord said to me, ‘Go; I will send you far away to the Gentiles.’ ”
Ac 9:30 When the brothers learned of this, they took him down to Caesarea and sent him off to Tarsus.
Paul’s next visit to Jerusalem was about A.D. 47. He and Barnabas delivered gifts gathered from the mission congregations for famine relief. Having fulfilled their ministry of benevolence they were rejoined by a previous traveling companion and future gospel writer, Mark, and departed back to their missionary field.
Ac 11:29The disciples, each according to his ability, decided to provide help for the brothers living in Judea. 30 This they did, sending their gift to the elders by Barnabas and Saul.
Ac 12:25 When Barnabas and Saul had finished their mission, they returned from Jerusalem, taking with them John, also called Mark.
Paul attended the Jerusalem Council with other church leaders in about A.D. 49. This time he was received in a more formal way and asked to report on his work. The topic of whether or not circumcision should be required of the Gentiles was debated and settled at this conference. James, Peter, and John commended Paul for his missionary work, asking only that he remember the poor (something he was careful do on his remaining missionary journeys).
Ac 15:4When they came to Jerusalem, they were welcomed by the church and the apostles and elders, to whom they reported everything God had done through them.5 Then some of the believers who belonged to the party of the Pharisees stood up and said, “The Gentiles must be circumcised and required to obey the law of Moses.” 6 The apostles and elders met to consider this question...13When they finished, James spoke up: “Brothers, listen to me. 14 Simon has described to us how God at first showed his concern by taking from the Gentiles a people for himself. 15 The words of the prophets are in agreement with this, as it is written: 16“ ‘After this I will return and rebuild David’s fallen tent. Its ruins I will rebuild, and I will restore it, 17 that the remnant of men may seek the Lord, and all the Gentiles who bear my name, says the Lord, who does these things’ 18 that have been known for ages.19 “It is my judgment, therefore, that we should not make it difficult for the Gentiles who are turning to God.20 Instead we should write to them, telling them to abstain from food polluted by idols, from sexual immorality, from the meat of strangled animals and from blood. 21 For Moses has been preached in every city from the earliest times and is read in the synagogues on every Sabbath.” 22 Then the apostles and elders, with the whole church, decided to choose some of their own men and send them to Antioch with Paul and Barnabas. They chose Judas (called Barsabbas) and Silas, two men who were leaders among the brothers.
Gal 2:1 Fourteen years later I went up again to Jerusalem, this time with Barnabas. I took Titus along also. 2 I went in response to a revelation and set before them the gospel that I preach among the Gentiles. But I did this privately to those who seemed to be leaders, for fear that I was running or had run my race in vain. 3 Yet not even Titus, who was with me, was compelled to be circumcised, even though he was a Greek. 4This matter arose because some false brothers had infiltrated our ranks to spy on the freedom we have in Christ Jesus and to make us slaves. 5 We did not give in to them for a moment, so that the truth of the gospel might remain with you. 6 As for those who seemed to be important—whatever they were makes no difference to me; God does not judge by external appearance—those men added nothing to my message. 7 On the contrary, they saw that I had been entrusted with the task of preaching the gospel to the Gentiles, just as Peter had been to the Jews. 8 For God, who was at work in the ministry of Peter as an apostle to the Jews, was also at work in my ministry as an apostle to the Gentiles. 9 James, Peter and John, those reputed to be pillars, gave me and Barnabas the right hand of fellowship when they recognized the grace given to me. They agreed that we should go to the Gentiles, and they to the Jews. 10 All they asked was that we should continue to remember the poor, the very thing I was eager to do.
Paul visited Jerusalem again in about A.D. 51 for the Festival of Pentecost near the end of his second missionary journey. He sailed from Ephesus to Caesarea and then went “up” (elevation-wise) to Jerusalem and visited the church but his stay was apparently brief.
Ac 18:21 But as he left, he promised, “I will come back if it is God’s will.” Then he set sail from Ephesus. 22 When he landed at Caesarea, he went up and greeted the church and then went down to Antioch.
Paul also went to Jerusalem near the end of his third missionary journey. This would be his final visit and happened in about A.D. 57. As Paul’s ministry has expanded over the years, his opponents have also grown in numbers and in their vehemence. This opposition is evident both within the Judaizers of the Christian Church and among the non-Christian Jews. Both want him gone. Paul goes to great lengths to convince his opponents that he has not forsaken his Jewish roots, but tensions continue to rise. He will eventually leave the city under the protective custody of Roman soldiers.
Ac 21:17 When we arrived at Jerusalem, the brothers received us warmly. 18 The next day Paul and the rest of us went to see James, and all the elders were present. 19 Paul greeted them and reported in detail what God had done among the Gentiles through his ministry. 20 When they heard this, they praised God. Then they said to Paul: “You see, brother, how many thousands of Jews have believed, and all of them are zealous for the law. 21 They have been informed that you teach all the Jews who live among the Gentiles to turn away from Moses, telling them not to circumcise their children or live according to our customs. 22 What shall we do? They will certainly hear that you have come, 23 so do what we tell you. There are four men with us who have made a vow. 24 Take these men, join in their purification rites and pay their expenses, so that they can have their heads shaved. Then everybody will know there is no truth in these reports about you, but that you yourself are living in obedience to the law. 25 As for the Gentile believers, we have written to them our decision that they should abstain from food sacrificed to idols, from blood, from the meat of strangled animals and from sexual immorality.”
Paul’s vow may have been the Nazirite Vow from the time of the Exodus but Luke doesn’t put that label on it. If it was not the same it was at least similar and was designed to ready the man for a special period of service to God. The ritual was part of a personal preparation for the individual, but also was a graphic announcement to the surrounding community . Paul was not only joining with four other men in taking the vow, but was paying the expenses of the others to demonstrate that he took it seriously. (The Nazirite vow was a big deal. To find out more, read Numbers 6:1-26.)
Some people say that Paul needed to complete this vow because he had acted ignorantly, not aware that the Law of Moses was no longer binding. That is unlikely because Paul preached “the whole counsel of God” as we see in letters he’s already written such as Romans and 1 and 2 Corinthians. Other people say that Paul had acted hypocritically as Peter had at Antioch (Galatians 2:11-13). That is also unlikely because Paul had already endured so much maltreatment and was willing to be bound and die for Christ. The far most likely reason for the vow is that Paul was acting consistently with what he taught elsewhere. The Law was no longer in force (Romans 7:1-6; Galatians 3:24-25) and anyone seeking justification through the Law risked falling from grace (Galatians 5:4), yet a Jewish Christian was free to observe customs of the Law provided:
a) He did not do so seeking justification, for that comes only through the sacrifice of Christ;
b) He did not bind it upon others, especially Gentiles who were never under the Law of Moses.
(It was this effort to reassure misinformed brethren that led to...)
Ac 21:27 When the seven days were nearly over, some Jews from the province of Asia saw Paul at the temple. They stirred up the whole crowd and seized him, 28 shouting, “Men of Israel, help us! This is the man who teaches all men everywhere against our people and our law and this place. And besides, he has brought Greeks into the temple area and defiled this holy place.” 29 (They had previously seen Trophimus the Ephesian in the city with Paul and assumed that Paul had brought him into the temple area.) 30The whole city was aroused, and the people came running from all directions. Seizing Paul, they dragged him from the temple, and immediately the gates were shut.31 While they were trying to kill him, news reached the commander of the Roman troops that the whole city of Jerusalem was in an uproar.32 He at once took some officers and soldiers and ran down to the crowd. When the rioters saw the commander and his soldiers, they stopped beating Paul. 33 The commander came up and arrested him and ordered him to be bound with two chains. Then he asked who he was and what he had done.34 Some in the crowd shouted one thing and some another, and since the commander could not get at the truth because of the uproar, he ordered that Paul be taken into the barracks. 35 When Paul reached the steps, the violence of the mob was so great he had to be carried by the soldiers. 36 The crowd that followed kept shouting, “Away with him!”
Once Paul is safely out of reach of the crowd, he gets a chance to speak to the commander, and then the entire assembly.
Ac 21:37As the soldiers were about to take Paul into the barracks, he asked the commander, “May I say something to you?” “Do you speak Greek?” he replied. 38 “Aren’t you the Egyptian who started a revolt and led four thousand terrorists out into the desert some time ago?” 39 Paul answered, “I am a Jew, from Tarsus in Cilicia, a citizen of no ordinary city. Please let me speak to the people.” 40 Having received the commander’s permission, Paul stood on the steps and motioned to the crowd. When they were all silent, he said to them in Aramaic 22:1 “Brothers and fathers, listen now to my defense.” 2 When they heard him speak to them in Aramaic, they became very quiet. Then Paul said…4 I persecuted the followers of this Way to their death, arresting both men and women and throwing them into prison, 5 as also the high priest and all the Council can testify. I even obtained letters from them to their brothers in Damascus, and went there to bring these people as prisoners to Jerusalem to be punished. 6 “About noon as I came near Damascus, suddenly a bright light from heaven flashed around me. 7 I fell to the ground and heard a voice say to me, ‘Saul! Saul! Why do you persecute me?’ 8“ ‘Who are you, Lord?’ I asked. “ ‘I am Jesus of Nazareth, whom you are persecuting,’ he replied. 9 My companions saw the light, but they did not understand the voice of him who was speaking to me. 10“ ‘What shall I do, Lord?’ I asked. “ ‘Get up,’ the Lord said, ‘and go into Damascus. There you will be told all that you have been assigned to do.’ 11 My companions led me by the hand into Damascus, because the brilliance of the light had blinded me. 12 “A man named Ananias came to see me. He was a devout observer of the law and highly respected by all the Jews living there. 13 He stood beside me and said, ‘Brother Saul, receive your sight!’ And at that very moment I was able to see him. 14 “Then he said: ‘The God of our fathers has chosen you to know his will and to see the Righteous One and to hear words from his mouth. 15 You will be his witness to all men of what you have seen and heard. 16 And now what are you waiting for? Get up, be baptized and wash your sins away, calling on his name.’