Name____________________ Date________
http://www.kidsastronomy.com/lunarlander/lunarlander.html
“Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can
do for your country! I believe that this Nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to earth. No we choose not to do this because it is easy, we choose to do this, because it is difficult. No single space project in this period will be more exciting, or more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish.... But in a very real sense, it will not be one man going to the moon; it will be an entire nation. For all of us must work to put him there.
-John F. Kennedy, 1968 Project Apollo.
"That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind." The national effort that enabled Astronaut Neil Armstrong to speak those words as he stepped onto the lunar surface fulfilled a dream as old as humanity. But Project Apollo's goals went beyond landing Americans on the moon and returning them safely to earth:
• To establish the
technology to meet
other national
interests in space;
http://www.zianet.com/fkantro/speech.htm
• To achieve preeminence in space for the United States;
• To carry out a program of scientific explorations of the Moon;
• To develop mans' capability to work in the lunar environment.
http://cecelia.physics.indiana.edu/life/video/E105videos.html
The experience of Mercury and Gemini started Apollo with confidence. The mighty Saturn launch vehicles—for both earth orbit and lunar flights—had perfect test flights.
The Spacecraft
Apollo was a three-part spacecraft: the command module (CM), the crew's quarters and flight control section; the service module (SM) for the propulsion and spacecraft support systems (when together, the two modules are called CSM); and the lunar module (LM), to take two of the crew to the lunar surface, support them on the Moon, and return them to the CSM in lunar orbit. The flight mode, lunar orbit rendezvous, was selected to occur in the year of 1962.
http://www.weirdload.com/apollo.html
The boosters for the program were the Saturn IB for earth orbit flights and the Saturn V for lunar flights. The crews that made lunar flights where both CM and LM were involved again selected call names. In the list of flights, crews are named in the following order: Commander, CM Pilot, and LM Pilot. The call names for the spacecraft, in parentheses, are the CM and LM, respectively. Total funding for the Apollo program was approximately $20,443,600,000.
Apollo 1 January 27, 1967. Tragedy struck on the launch pad during a preflight test for Apollo 204, the first Apollo manned mission. Astronauts Virgil Grissom, Edward White, and Roger Chaffee lost their lives when a fire swept through the Command Module. Had it flown, the mission would have been Apollo 1, a designation that was officially assigned to it. The investigation and re-engineering of the spacecraft based on the findings caused an 18-month delay. But in the fall of 1968 Apollo was ready for flight.
The Manned Flights
Apollo 7 October 11-12, 1968 Walter Schirra, Donn Eisele and Walter Cunningham 10 days, 20 hours 163 Earth orbits. First manned CSM operations in the lunar landing program. First live TV from manned spacecraft. Rendezvous with upper stage. http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Stimelin.htm
Apollo 8 December 21-27, 1968 Frank Borman, James Lovell, William Anders 6 days, 3 hours In lunar orbit 20 hours, with 10 orbits. First manned lunar orbital mission. Support facilities tested. Photographs taken of Earth and Moon. Live TV broadcasts.
Apollo 9 (Gumdrop and Spider) March 3-13, 1969 James McDivitt David Scott Russell Schweickart 10 days, 1 hour First manned flight of all lunar hardware in Earth orbit. Schweickart performed 37 minutes EVA. Human reactions to space and weightlessness tested in 152 orbits. First manned flight of lunar module.
Apollo 10 (Charlie Brown and Snoopy) May 18-26, 1969 Eugene Cernan John Young Thomas Stafford 8 days, 3 minutes Dress rehearsal for Moon landing. First manned CSM/LM operations in cislunar and lunar environment; simulation of first lunar landing profile. In lunar orbit 61.6 hours, with 31 orbits. LM taken to within 15,243 m (50,000 ft) of lunar surface. First live color TV from space. LM ascent stage jettisoned in orbit.
Apollo 11 (Columbia and Eagle) July 16-24, 1969 Neil Armstrong Michael Collins Edwin Aldrin, Jr 8 days, 3 hours, 18 minutes First manned lunar landing mission and lunar surface EVA. "Houston, tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed."—July 20, Sea of Tranquility 1 EVA of 2 hours, 31 minutes. Flag and instruments deployed; unveiled plaque on the LM descent stage with inscription: "Here Men From Planet Earth First Set Foot Upon the Moon. July 1969 A.D. We Came In Peace For All Mankind." Lunar surface stay time, 21.6 hours; 59.5 hours in lunar orbit, with 30 orbits. LM ascent stage left in lunar orbit. 20kg (44 lbs) of material gathered.
Apollo 12 (Yankee Clipper and Intrepid) November 14-24, 1969 Charles Conrad, Richard Gordon, Alan Bean 10 days, 4 hours, 36 minutes Landing site: Ocean of Storms. Retrieved parts of the unmanned Surveyor 3, which had landed on the Moon in April 1967. Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP) deployed. Lunar surface stay-time, 31.5 hours; in lunar orbit 89 hours, with 45 orbits. LM descent stage impacted on Moon. 34kg (75 Ibs) of material gathered.
Apollo 13 (Odyssey and Aquarius) April 11-17, 1970 James Lovell, John Swigert, Fred Haise, 5 days, 22.9 hours Third lunar landing attempt. Mission aborted after rupture of service module oxygen tank. Classed as "successful failure" because of experience in rescuing crew. Spent upper stage successfully impacted on the Moon.
Apollo 14 (Kitty Hawk and Antares) January 31-February 9, 1971 Alan Shepard, Stuart Roosa Edgar Mitchell 9 days Landing site: Fra Mauro. ALSEP and other instruments deployed. Lunar surface stay-time, 33.5 hours: 67 hours in lunar orbit, with 34 orbits. 2 EVAs of 9 hours, 25 minutes. Third stage impacted on Moon. 42 kg (94 Ibs) of material gathered, using hand cart for first time to transport rocks.
http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/imagery/apollo/apollo.htm
Apollo 15 (Endeavor and Falcon) July 26—August 7, 1971 David Scott James Irwin Alfred M. Worden 12 days, 17 hours, 12 minutes Landing site: Hadley-Apennine region near Apennine Mountains. 3 EVAs of 10 hours, 36 minutes. Worden performed 38 minutes EVA on way back to Earth. First to carry orbital sensors in service module of CSM. ALSEP deployed and scientific studies begun on Apollo 11, 13, and 14 missions continued; scientific payload landed on Moon doubled. Improved spacesuits gave increased mobility and stay-time. Lunar surface stay-time, 66.9 hours. Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV), electric powered, 4-wheel drive car, traversed total 27.9 km (17 mi). In lunar orbit 145 hours, with 74 orbits. Small sub-satellite left in lunar orbit for first time. 6.6 kgs (169 Ibs) of
material gathered.
Apollo 16 (Casper and Orion) April 16 27, 1972 John Young Thomas Mattingly II Charles Duke, Jr 11 days, 1 hour, 51 minutes Landing site: Descartes Highlands. First study of highlands area. Selected surface experiments deployed, ultraviolet camera,spectrograph used for first time on Moon, and LRV used for second time. Lunar surface stay-time, 71 hours; in lunar orbit 126 hours, with 64 orbits. Mattingly performed 1 hour in-flight EVA. 95.8 kg (213 Ibs) of lunar samples collected.
Apollo 17 (America and Challenger) December 7-19, 1972 Eugene Cernan Ronald Evans Harrison Schmitt 12 days, 13 hours, 52 minutes Last lunar landing mission. Landing site: Taurus-Littrow, highlands and valley area. 3 EVAs of 22 hours, 4 minutes. Evans performed trans-earth EVA lasting 1 hour, 6 minutes. First scientist-astronaut to land on Moon, Schmitt. Sixth automated research station set up. LRV traverse total 30.5 km. Lunar surface stay-time, 75 hours. In lunar orbit 17 hours. 110.4 kg, (243 lbs) of material gathered.
Apollo 13 Movie Questions
1. After trailing the Russians in the manned space race for years, John F. Kennedy put forth the challenge of sending
men to the __________.http://www.serve.com/wizjd/java/JDLunarLander/JDLunarLander.html
2. Apollo 1 with Grissom, White and Chaffee suffered a jammed command capsule
hatch and a capsule filled with oxygen and a terrible ___________ that killed all
three astronauts.http://www.frontiernet.net/~imaging/lunar_lander_game.html
3. When asked why we would want to go to the moon, Jim Lovell replies-”Imagine if Christopher Columbus went to the new world and no one went back...” How would you respond to the huge cost of a manned program to Mars? Give two supporting augments and two detracting augments________________________________
_______________________________________
4. In Jim Lovell’s dream, Why did all the gauges shatter inside the command capsule?
_______________________________________________________________________________
http://www.kidsastronomy.com/lunarlander/lunarlander.html
5. On what date did Apollo 13 launch for the Moon?
_________________
6. How long does it take to go to the moon? It takes about
__________days.
7. How fast does the Apollo spacecraft fly? The spacecraft
moves_____________ than a bullet.
8. The Lunar Lander was designed for only _________ people.
9. When the second stage of the rocket fires, engine number five
cuts out. How do the flight engineers compensate for this loss
of force?__________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
10. 98% of all astronauts experience _____________ in space due to prolonged weightlessness. In the movie, we see how one astronaut deals with their own problem on their own personal “vomit comet” flight.
http://www.cap.ca/news/books/Inventions-Baker-Coppin.html
11. Reposition and docking
is where the command capsule on the service module separates, turns around and ____________the lunar module.
12. The LEM is short for the Lunar ______________Module.
13. Just as in modern jet passenger aircraft, the astronauts in Apollo 13
dumped the waste in flight. They referred to the waste dump as
making the constellation ___________.
14. Early in the flight, the Apollo 13 in flight broadcast was canceled
because space flight had become too _____________________.
15. When Swagart stirred the cryogenic ___________________ tanks
there was an explosion. http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/imagery/apollo/apollotop10.htm
16. Each system on Apollo had how many _______________backup systems?
17. If the spacecraft was hit by a meteor, it would be _________________. (This
fact is why spacecraft in science fiction come equipped with so called
“deflector shields” to prevent the shredding of the spacecraft by rocks and
dust.)
18. Why does the venting of the oxygen into space pose at least two problems? ___________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________
19. Why do the debris from the explosion seem to follow the Odyssey? _________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
20. Once they close the fuel cell, they cannot land on the ________.
21. Slide rules and pencils were used by mission control to manipulate numbers because at the time scientist had no
_______________. http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/computer1.html
22. Who was the president of the United States of America when Apollo 13 lifted off?_____________________
23. How did that president leave office?_________________________. (Watergate)
http://watergate.info/
24. A direct abort by Apollo 13 would fire the service modules large rocket and shoot the Apollo spacecraft straight
back to earth. A slingshot approach uses ________________ to aid the return of Apollo 13.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/doubal.html#c3
25. Radio blackouts happen when Apollo spacecraft passes ____________ the moon. Remember that radio waves are
just another form of electromagnetic radiation, that travels exactly like visible light. Light travels in a straight line.
http://131.176.49.1/spaceflight/ardsyst.htm
26. Apollo 13 only had ____________amps to last the mission. Enough electrons to run a coffee pot for nine hours.
http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/complete.htm#mercury
27. CO2 gas in concentrations of 15 ppm cause disorientation and ______________.
Name another machine we have studied in the density unit that would have to monitor and adjust its CO2 levels is
the ____________________.
28. Scrubbers chemically bond with the CO2 and remove it
from the atmosphere in the LEM spacecraft. These were only
designed for the gasses produced by _______ people.
http://www.naval-technology.com/contractors/hvac/dornier/dornier2.html
29. At low temperature, what happens to the adhesive
properties of tape?________________________________.
(Electrons move slower and the bonds and electrostatic
attraction is reduced.)
30. The crew must aim the space craft for a
reentry corridor _________ degrees in
size.
http://www.hpck.co.uk/moonpeople/html/themoon/eclipses.html
31. If the Aquarius is too shallow in its reentry, the spacecraft
_____________ off the atmosphere and goes off into deep space, moving
too fast to ever return. http://apollomaniacs.web.infoseek.co.jp/apollo/aplinke.htm#APALL
32. If the Aquarius enters at to steep an angle, it will _________ up in the
________sphere.
http://www.hpck.co.uk/moonpeople/html/kids/kids.html
33. Freddo covers the ___________ of the steering of Apollo 13 CM.
34. Jim Lovell velcro's his feet to the deck inside Apollo 13 to avoid the effects of which one of Isaac Newton’s laws?_______________________
35. The Aquarius module was too light as it was coming in
toward earth reentry, because it was supposed to be
carrying a few hundred pounds of __________________________. http://www.jdkbph.com/ALMT/17reentry.htm
36. In Apollo 13, the side of the service module was blown off
from the engine bell to the _________________ shield.
http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/apollo.html
37. The three main parachutes allow the command capsule to
hit the water at ______ mph instead of a more violent 300
mph.
http://www.apollosaturn.com/as202/p14-18.htm
38. The friction of air molecules in the mesosphere causes the
heat shield to glow________.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablative_heat_shield
39. The following is a very short list of the many materials that
were developed for the space program and have found uses
in the private sector. Identify the number of devices that you
have used and record that number here.____________
Small electronic scales, Digital anything, light sensors, robots, Freeze dried food, fiberglass, food preservatives, spray on insulation, satellite tracking system, x-ray structural analysis, weather satellites, Ultrasounds, collision avoidance for aircraft, fire protection materials, fire extinguishers, flight simulations, signal isolators, electronic safe, car door locks, lighting protection, school bus design, infrared thermometer, cat scan, computer weather forecasting, water conditioners, Kevlar, Teflon fabric (such as used in the Pontiac Silver Dome) waste water treatment, cold packs, heat packs, performance sport shoes, memory metals, parallel processing for computers, wireless communications, and calculators just to name a small fraction of devices that have been invented or perfected by the space program. http://spaceplace.jpl.nasa.gov/spinoffs2.htm
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