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Austria

http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/at/eu/art17/envrjbkqq/species-lutra-lutra.xml/manage_document

Regional level

2.1 Biogeographical region or marine region: Alpine

2.2 Published sources and/or websites / N/A
2.3 Range of species in the biogeographic region or marine region
2.3.1 Surface range of the species in km2 / 8000
2.3.2 Date of range determination / 1995-2006
2.3.3 Quality of data concerning range / Moderate e.g. based on partial data with some extrapolation
2.3.4 Range trend / Increasing (+)
2.3.5 Range trend magnitude (km2) - optional / N/A
2.3.6 Range trend period / 2000-2006
2.3.7 Reasons for reported trend / Indirect anthropo(zoo)genic influence
Other (specify) / N/A
2.4 Population of the species in the biogeographic region or marine region
2.4.1 Population size estimation
Minimum population / Maximum population / Population units
30 / 100 / Number of individuals
2.4.2 Date of population estimation / 1995-2006
2.4.3 Methods used for population estimation / Based on expert opinion
2.4.4 Quality of population data / Poor e.g. based on very incomplete data or on expert judgement
2.4.5 Population trend / Increasing (+)
2.4.6 Population trend magnitude / N/A
2.4.7 Population trend period / 2000-2006
2.4.8 Reasons for reported trend / Indirect anthropo(zoo)genic influence
Other (specify) / N/A
2.4.9 Justification of % thresholds for trends (optional) / N/A
2.4.10 Main pressures / 243 - trapping, poisoning, poaching
401 - continuous urbanisation
500 Communication networks
608 - camping and caravans
621 - nautical sports
701 - water pollution
803 - infilling of ditches, dykes, ponds, pools, marshes or pits
810 Drainage
820 Removal of sediments (mud...)
840 Flooding
852 - modifying structures of inland water courses
890 Other human induced changes in hydraulic conditions
2.4.11 Threats / 243 - trapping, poisoning, poaching
401 - continuous urbanisation
500 Communication networks
608 - camping and caravans
621 - nautical sports
701 - water pollution
803 - infilling of ditches, dykes, ponds, pools, marshes or pits
810 Drainage
820 Removal of sediments (mud...)
840 Flooding
852 - modifying structures of inland water courses
890 Other human induced changes in hydraulic conditions
2.5 Habitat for the species in the biogeographic region or marine region
2.5.1 Habitats for the species / Lutra lutra is using different freshwater systems: Brooks, rivers, lakes, ponds and swamps. The species uses the following habitat types according to Annex I of Habitats directive: 3140, 3150, 3220, 3230, 3240, 3260, 3270, 91E0, 91F0
2.5.2 Area estimation (km2) / 6
2.5.3 Date of estimation / 1995-2006
2.5.4 Quality of the data / Moderate e.g. based on partial data with some extrapolation
2.5.5 Trend of the habitat / Stable (=)
2.5.6 Trend period / 2000-2006
2.5.7 Reasons for reported trend / N/A
Other (specify) / N/A
2.6 Future prospects for the species / Poor prospects - species likely to struggle unless conditions change
2.7 Complementary information
2.7.1 Favourable reference range (km2) / Much more than field 2.3.18000
2.7.2 Favourable reference population / Much more than field 2.4.1100
2.7.3 Suitable habitat for the species (km2) / N/A
2.7.4 Other relevant information / N/A
Conclusion / Biogeographical or marine level / Conclusions within Natura 2000 sites (optional)
(2.3) Range / Bad (U2) / N/A
(2.4) Population / Bad (U2) / N/A
(2.5) Habitat for the species / Unknown (XX) / N/A
(2.6) Future prospects / Inadequate (U1) / N/A
Overall assessment / Bad (U2) / N/A
Regional level

2.1 Biogeographical region or marine region: Continental

2.2 Published sources and/or websites / N/A
2.3 Range of species in the biogeographic region or marine region
2.3.1 Surface range of the species in km2 / 17000
2.3.2 Date of range determination / 1995-2006
2.3.3 Quality of data concerning range / Good e.g based on extensive surveys
2.3.4 Range trend / Increasing (+)
2.3.5 Range trend magnitude (km2) - optional / N/A
2.3.6 Range trend period / 1985-2006
2.3.7 Reasons for reported trend / Indirect anthropo(zoo)genic influence
Other (specify) / N/A
2.4 Population of the species in the biogeographic region or marine region
2.4.1 Population size estimation
Minimum population / Maximum population / Population units
400 / 700 / Number of individuals
2.4.2 Date of population estimation / 1995-2006
2.4.3 Methods used for population estimation / Extrapolation from surveys of part of the population or from sampling
2.4.4 Quality of population data / Good e.g based on extensive surveys
2.4.5 Population trend / Increasing (+)
2.4.6 Population trend magnitude / N/A
2.4.7 Population trend period / 1985-2006
2.4.8 Reasons for reported trend / Indirect anthropo(zoo)genic influence
Other (specify) / N/A
2.4.9 Justification of % thresholds for trends (optional) / N/A
2.4.10 Main pressures / 243 - trapping, poisoning, poaching
500 Communication networks
701 - water pollution
803 - infilling of ditches, dykes, ponds, pools, marshes or pits
810 Drainage
820 Removal of sediments (mud...)
840 Flooding
852 - modifying structures of inland water courses
890 Other human induced changes in hydraulic conditions
2.4.11 Threats / 243 - trapping, poisoning, poaching
500 Communication networks
701 - water pollution
803 - infilling of ditches, dykes, ponds, pools, marshes or pits
810 Drainage
820 Removal of sediments (mud...)
840 Flooding
852 - modifying structures of inland water courses
890 Other human induced changes in hydraulic conditions
2.5 Habitat for the species in the biogeographic region or marine region
2.5.1 Habitats for the species / N/A
2.5.2 Area estimation (km2) / 12
2.5.3 Date of estimation / 1995-2006
2.5.4 Quality of the data / Moderate e.g. based on partial data with some extrapolation
2.5.5 Trend of the habitat / Stable (=)
2.5.6 Trend period / 1995-2006
2.5.7 Reasons for reported trend / N/A
Other (specify) / N/A
2.6 Future prospects for the species / Poor prospects - species likely to struggle unless conditions change
2.7 Complementary information
2.7.1 Favourable reference range (km2) / 17000
2.7.2 Favourable reference population / 400
2.7.3 Suitable habitat for the species (km2) / N/A
2.7.4 Other relevant information / N/A
Conclusion / Biogeographical or marine level / Conclusions within Natura 2000 sites (optional)
(2.3) Range / Favourable (FV) / N/A
(2.4) Population / Favourable (FV) / N/A
(2.5) Habitat for the species / Favourable (FV) / N/A
(2.6) Future prospects / Inadequate (U1) / N/A
Overall assessment / Inadequate (U1) / N/A

Belgium

http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/Converters/convertDocument?file=be/eu/art17/envrf6cg/species-lutra-lutra.xml&conv=rem_24

Biogeographical region or marine region: Atlantic

2.2 Published sources and/or websites / Van Den Berge, K. & De Pauw W., 2003. Otter Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758). In: Verkem, S., De Maeseneer, J., Vandendriessche, B., Verbeylen, G. & Yskout, S. Zoogdieren in Vlaanderen. Ecologie en verspreiding van 1987 tot 2002. Natuurpunt Studie en JNM-Zoogdierenwerkgroep, Mechelen & Gent, België. Metsu, I. & Van Den Berge, K., 1987. De otter Lutra Lutra in Vlaanderen en aangrenzende gebieden, Rapport I & II, Nationale Campagne Bescherming Roofdieren, Gavere, 140 + 287 p + kaartbijlagen. www.inbo.be/natura2000be
2.3 Range of species in the biogeographic region or marine region
2.3.1 Surface range of the species in km2 / 2672
2.3.2 Date of range determination / 1987-2006
2.3.3 Quality of data concerning range / Moderate e.g. based on partial data with some extrapolation
2.3.4 Range trend / Stable (=)
2.3.5 Range trend magnitude (km2) - optional / 0
2.3.6 Range trend period / 1987-2006
2.3.7 Reasons for reported trend / Direct human influence (restoration, deterioration, destruction)
Indirect anthropo(zoo)genic influence
Other (specify) / N/A
2.4 Population of the species in the biogeographic region or marine region
2.4.1 Population size estimation
Minimum population / Maximum population / Population units
0 / 7 / Grids
2.4.2 Date of population estimation / 1987-2006
2.4.3 Method used for population estimation / Extrapolation from surveys of part of the population or from sampling
2.4.4 Quality of population data / Moderate e.g. based on partial data with some extrapolation
2.4.5 Population trend / Stable (=)
2.4.6 Population trend magnitude / N/A
2.4.7 Population trend period / 1987-2006
2.4.8 Reasons for reported trend / Direct human influence (restoration, deterioration, destruction)
Indirect anthropo(zoo)genic influence
Other (specify) / N/A
2.4.9 Justification of % thresholds for trends (optional) / N/A
2.4.10 Main pressures / 110 Use of pesticides
150 Restructuring agricultural land holding
151 - removal of hedges and copses
220 Leisure fishing
243 - trapping, poisoning, poaching
502 - roads, motorways
621 - nautical sports
701 - water pollution
801 - polderisation
803 - infilling of ditches, dykes, ponds, pools, marshes or pits
830 Canalisation
870 Dykes, embankments, artificial beaches, general
967 - antagonism with domestic animals
2.4.11 Threats / 110 Use of pesticides
150 Restructuring agricultural land holding
151 - removal of hedges and copses
220 Leisure fishing
243 - trapping, poisoning, poaching
502 - roads, motorways
621 - nautical sports
701 - water pollution
870 Dykes, embankments, artificial beaches, general
967 - antagonism with domestic animals
2.5 Habitat for the species in the biogeographic region or marine region
2.5.1 Habitats for the species / Ideal otter biotopes have the combination of unpolluted water that abounds in aquatic prey and rich vegetation on the banks, which provides shelter. However, as long as there is a variety of hiding places scattered along the hunting grounds, home ranges can include all types of land use (even towns).
2.5.2 Area estimation (km2) / 3460
2.5.3 Date of estimation / 2000-2006
2.5.4 Quality of the data / Moderate e.g. based on partial data with some extrapolation
2.5.5 Trend of the habitat / Increasing (+)
2.5.6 Trend period / 1996-2006
2.5.7 Reasons for reported trend / Direct human influence (restoration, deterioration, destruction)
Indirect anthropo(zoo)genic influence
Natural processes
Other (specify) / N/A
2.6 Future prospects for the species / Bad prospects - species likely to be become extinct in the biogeographical region
2.7 Complementary information
2.7.1 Favourable reference range (km2) / 3467
2.7.2 Favourable reference population / Much more than field 2.4.120
2.7.3 Suitable habitat for the species / 3460
2.7.4 Other relevant information / During the first half of the past century, otter was present all over the region. However, as a result of active persecution, numbers declined spectacularly. Later on, the destruction of habitats (including water pollution) caused a deathblow so that from the 1980’s the species was considered as extinct on a population level. Only some individual erratic animals have been reported since, but nowhere permanent settlement with reproduction. Beside, otters have very big home ranges, e.g. up to 20 km river length. Since the 1980’s, permanent settlement with reproduction was nowhere noticed. Only some erratic animals have been reported in some periods. Dramatic decline during first half of past century, followed by a progressive deathblow ; extinct on a population level since the 1980’s Ideal otter biotopes have the combination of unpolluted water that abounds in aquatic prey and rich vegetation on the banks, which provides shelter. However, as long as there is a variety of hiding places scattered along the hunting grounds, home ranges can include all types of land use (even towns). Food: fish communities are slowly re-establishing (NARA 2003, 2005) Minimum viable population number is about 20-30. If considering three locations, populations should totalize about 100 specimen to be favourable.
Conclusion / Biogeographical or marine level / Conclusions within Natura 2000 sites (optional)
(2.3) Range / Bad (U2) / N/A
(2.4) Population / Bad (U2) / N/A
(2.5) Habitat for the species / Bad (U2) / N/A
(2.6) Future prospects / Bad (U2) / N/A
Overall assessment / Bad (U2) / N/A
Regional level

2.1 Biogeographical region or marine region: Continental

2.2 Published sources and/or websites / LIBOIS R (2006) LES MAMMIFÈRES NON VOLANTS DE LA RÉGION WALLONNE : tendances des populations – Rappport analytique sur l’Etat de l’Environnement wallon – (in press). LIBOIS RM – (1982) – Atlas provisoire des mammifères de Wallonie- Cahiers d’Ethologie appl 2 suppl 1-2 207 pp.
2.3 Range of species in the biogeographic region or marine region
2.3.1 Surface range of the species in km2 / 8300
2.3.2 Date of range determination / 1985-2006
2.3.3 Quality of data concerning range / Poor e.g. based on very incomplete data or on expert judgement
2.3.4 Range trend / Decreasing (-)
2.3.5 Range trend magnitude (km2) - optional / N/A
2.3.6 Range trend period / 1970-2006
2.3.7 Reasons for reported trend / Direct human influence (restoration, deterioration, destruction)
Other (specify) / N/A
2.4 Population of the species in the biogeographic region or marine region
2.4.1 Population size estimation
Minimum population / Maximum population / Population units
20 / Number of individuals
2.4.2 Date of population estimation / 1980-2006
2.4.3 Method used for population estimation / Based on expert opinion
2.4.4 Quality of population data / Poor e.g. based on very incomplete data or on expert judgement
2.4.5 Population trend / Decreasing (-)
2.4.6 Population trend magnitude / N/A
2.4.7 Population trend period / 1970-2006
2.4.8 Reasons for reported trend / Direct human influence (restoration, deterioration, destruction)
Other (specify) / N/A
2.4.9 Justification of % thresholds for trends (optional) / Habitat deterioration and isolation of the sub-populations
2.4.10 Main pressures / 120 Fertilisation
621 - nautical sports
700 Pollution
701 - water pollution
830 Canalisation
840 Flooding
850 Modification of hydrographic functioning, general
852 - modifying structures of inland water courses
853 - management of water levels
870 Dykes, embankments, artificial beaches, general
890 Other human induced changes in hydraulic conditions
952 - eutrophication
2.4.11 Threats / 120 Fertilisation
621 - nautical sports
700 Pollution
701 - water pollution
830 Canalisation
840 Flooding
850 Modification of hydrographic functioning, general
852 - modifying structures of inland water courses
853 - management of water levels
870 Dykes, embankments, artificial beaches, general
890 Other human induced changes in hydraulic conditions
952 - eutrophication
2.5 Habitat for the species in the biogeographic region or marine region
2.5.1 Habitats for the species / 3260 Lutra lutra is observed in the watercourses and ponds wich present good fishes populations. It needs also large sections of rivers (more than 20 km long) with natural beaches ;riparian vegetation is also necessary to allow the presence of the otter.
2.5.2 Area estimation (km2) / N/A
2.5.3 Date of estimation / N/A
2.5.4 Quality of the data / Poor e.g. based on very incomplete data or on expert judgement
2.5.5 Trend of the habitat / Decreasing (-)
2.5.6 Trend period / N/A
2.5.7 Reasons for reported trend / N/A
Other (specify) / N/A
2.6 Future prospects for the species / Poor prospects - species likely to struggle unless conditions change
2.7 Complementary information
2.7.1 Favourable reference range (km2) / 8300
2.7.2 Favourable reference population / More than field 2.4.120
2.7.3 Suitable habitat for the species / N/A
2.7.4 Other relevant information / NO DATA AVAILABLE FOR HABITATS
Conclusion / Biogeographical or marine level / Conclusions within Natura 2000 sites (optional)
(2.3) Range / Bad (U2) / Bad (U2)
(2.4) Population / Bad (U2) / Bad (U2)
(2.5) Habitat for the species / Unknown (XX) / Unknown (XX)
(2.6) Future prospects / Bad but improving (U2+) / Bad but improving (U2+)
Overall assessment / Bad but improving (U2+) / Inadequate and deteriorating (U1-)

Czech Republic

http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/cz/eu/art17/envrelkkw/species-lutra-lutra.xml/manage_document