Appendix 1 Samples used for sequencing. Subspecies (SSP): T. t. tetrix (T.t.t), T. t. britannicus (T.t.b), T. t. viridanus (T.t.v), T. t. tschusii (T.t.ts), T. t. mongolicus (T.t.m), T. t. ussuriensis (T.t.u). Samples were collected at different museums: Natural History Museum of Aarhus (NHMAA), Natural History Museum of Stockholm (NHMS), Natural History Museum of Helsinki (NHMF), Zoological Museum of the University of Hamburg (ZMUH), Natural History Museum of Almaty (NHMAK), National Karazin University of Kharkiv (NKUK) and Uppsala University (UU). Samples collected in field by CC (Carolina Corrales), JH (Jacob Höglund), MP (Mariia Pavlovska), RB (Rolf Brittas, Swedish Hunting Association), ER (Ettore Randi) and RP (Ron Plummer).
No samples / SSP / ID / Museum ID / Year / sex / Location / Museum/Collector1 / T.t.t / 393 / 6292 / 1982 / M / Skin / Malgovik, Sweden / UU
2 / Da6 / - / 2010 / ? / Muscle / Orsa, Dalarna, Sweden / RB
3 / Jb40 / - / 2008 / ? / Feather / Färnebofjärden, Sweden / CC
4 / Jb67 / - / 2009 / ? / Feather / Färnebofjärden, Sweden / CC
5 / Ob19 / - / 2008 / ? / Feather / Färnebofjärden, Sweden / CC
6 / Ob45 / - / 2008 / ? / Feather / Färnebofjärden, Sweden / CC
7 / Hd30 / - / 2009 / ? / Feather / Malmköping, Sweden / CC
8 / Hd35 / - / 2009 / ? / Feather / Malmköping, Sweden / CC
9 / Bo4 / - / 2009 / ? / Feather / Jönåker, Sweden / CC
10 / Bo7 / - / 2009 / ? / Feather / Jönåker, Sweden / CC
11 / Bo28 / - / 2009 / ? / Feather / Jönåker, Sweden / CC
12 / Bo29 / - / 2009 / ? / Feather / Jönåker, Sweden / CC
13 / Bo47 / - / 2009 / ? / Feather / Jönåker, Sweden / CC
14 / Sko4 / - / 2009 / ? / Feather / Skövde, Sweden / CC
15 / Sko6b / - / 2009 / ? / Feather / Skövde, Sweden / CC
16 / Sko9 / - / 2009 / ? / Feather / Skövde, Sweden / CC
17 / Sko12a / - / 2009 / ? / Feather / Skövde, Sweden / CC
18 / Sko12b / - / 2009 / ? / Feather / Skövde, Sweden / CC
19 / Sko14 / - / 2009 / ? / Feather / Skövde, Sweden / CC
20 / Sko18 / - / 2009 / ? / Feather / Skövde, Sweden / CC
21 / Sko19 / - / 2009 / ? / Feather / Skövde, Sweden / CC
22 / Sko27a / - / 2009 / ? / Feather / Skövde, Sweden / CC
23 / Sko33 / - / 2009 / ? / Feather / Skövde, Sweden / CC
24 / Sko35b / - / 2009 / ? / Feather / Skövde, Sweden / CC
25 / Sko41b / - / 2009 / ? / Feather / Skövde, Sweden / CC
26 / Sko44 / - / 2009 / ? / Feather / Skövde, Sweden / CC
27 / Sko45a / - / 2009 / ? / Feather / Skövde, Sweden / CC
28 / Sko45b / - / 2009 / ? / Feather / Skövde, Sweden / CC
29 / Sko66 / - / 2009 / ? / Feather / Skövde, Sweden / CC
30 / DK1863 / DK1863 / 1933 / F / Skin / Simmerlkaer, Denmark / NHMAA
31 / DK1865 / DK1865 / 1957 / F / Skin / W Haderup, Denmark / NHMAA
32 / DK6849 / DK6849 / - / M / Skin / Denmark / NHMAA
33 / NO22 / 11222 / 1995 / F / Feather / Kristiansand, Norway / JH
34 / NO24 / 11224 / 1995 / M / Feather / Kristiansand, Norway / JH
35 / NO30 / 11230 / 1995 / ? / Feather / Kristiansand, Norway / JH
36 / FI11 / 569542 / 1924 / F / Skin / Kuopio, Finland / NHMS
37 / FI16 / 569537 / 1896 / M / Skin / Kuopio, Finland / NHMS
38 / FI26 / 569516 / 1926 / F / Skin / Finland / NHMS
39 / FI1718 / 1718 / - / - / Skin / Finland / NHMF
40 / FI6282 / 6282 / 1914 / M / Skin / Kuhmoniemi, Finland / NHMF
41 / EE2 / 569520 / 1933 / F / Skin / Estonia / NHMS
42 / EE41 / 569514 / 1926 / M / Skin / Estonia / NHMS
43 / EE42 / 569515 / 1926 / M / Skin / Estonia / NHMS
44 / EE122 / 569522 / 1933 / F / Skin / Estonia / NHMS
45 / EE6347 / 6347 / 1926 / M / Skin / Estonia / NHMS
46 / GE49 / 45349 / 1924 / M / Skin / Hamburg, Germany / ZMUH
47 / GE527 / 9527 / - / F / Skin / Lüneburger Heide, Germany / ZMUH
48 / GE47 / 52747 / 1943 / M / Skin / Wohl, Germany / ZMUH
49 / GE05 / 44005 / 1915 / M / Skin / Hamburg, Germany / ZMUH
50 / GE84 / 7984 / 1966 / M / Skin / Hemsen, Germany / ZMUH
51 / GE58 / JHGO058 / 1990 / F / Blood / Breeding stock, Germany / JH
52 / GE59 / JHGO059 / 1990 / M / Blood / Breeding stock, Germany / JH
53 / GE60 / JHGO060 / 1990 / M / Blood / Breeding stock, Germany / JH
54 / 36B / - / 2003 / ? / Feather / Sallandse, Netherlands / JH
55 / 66 / - / 2003 / ? / Feather / Sallandse, Netherlands / JH
56 / 24045 / - / 2003 / ? / Feather / Sallandse, Netherlands / JH
57 / 231505 / - / 2003 / ? / Feather / Sallandse, Netherlands / JH
58 / 251514 / - / 2003 / ? / Feather / Sallandse, Netherlands / JH
59 / 92 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / Carpathians, Rakhivs'kyi, Ukraine / MP
60 / 131 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / Carpathians, Rakhivs'kyi, Ukraine / MP
61 / 141 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / Carpathians, Rakhivs'kyi, Ukraine / MP
62 / 161 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / Carpathians, Rakhivs'kyi, Ukraine / MP
63 / 181 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / Carpathians, Rakhivs'kyi, Ukraine / MP
64 / 191 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / Carpathians, Rakhivs'kyi, Ukraine / MP
65 / 201 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / Carpathians, Rakhivs'kyi, Ukraine / MP
66 / 351 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / Carpathians, Rakhivs'kyi, Ukraine / MP
67 / 361 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / Carpathians, Rakhivs'kyi, Ukraine / MP
68 / 371 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / Carpathians, Rakhivs'kyi, Ukraine / MP
69 / 382 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / Carpathians, Rakhivs'kyi, Ukraine / MP
70 / 391 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / Carpathians, Rakhivs'kyi, Ukraine / MP
71 / 541 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / NW Selezivka, Ukraine / MP
72 / 771 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / NW Selezivka, Ukraine / MP
73 / 21 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / NW Selezivka, Ukraine / MP
74 / 81 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / NW Selezivka, Ukraine / MP
75 / 351 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / NW Selezivka, Ukraine / MP
76 / 481 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / NW Selezivka, Ukraine / MP
77 / 511 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / NW Selezivka, Ukraine / MP
78 / 521 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / NW Selezivka, Ukraine / MP
79 / 611 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / NW Selezivka, Ukraine / MP
80 / 641 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / NW Selezivka, Ukraine / MP
81 / 691 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / NW Selezivka, Ukraine / MP
82 / 721 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / NW Selezivka, Ukraine / MP
83 / 731 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / NW Selezivka, Ukraine / MP
84 / 741 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / NW Selezivka, Ukraine / MP
85 / 801 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / NW Selezivka, Ukraine / MP
86 / 821 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / NW Selezivka, Ukraine / MP
87 / 1061 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / NW Selezivka, Ukraine / MP
88 / 1151 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / NW Selezivka, Ukraine / MP
89 / 1171 / - / 2011 / ? / Feather / NW Selezivka, Ukraine / MP
90 / 5R / 5R / 1958 / M / Skin / Arkhangelsk, Russia / NKUK
91 / 10R / 10R / 2009 / M / Skin / Arkhangelsk, Russia / NKUK
92 / 11R / 11R / 2005 / M / Skin / St. Petersburg region, Russia / NKUK
93 / AF532458 / vm 397 / ? / M / Skin / Moscow, Russia / SVD*
94 / AF532459 / 3 vs 11 / ? / F / Skin / Kirovskaya, Russia / SVD*
95 / TTX14 / - / ? / M / Muscle / St Martin de Queyriére, Hautes Alpes, France / ER
96 / TTX15 / - / ? / ? / Muscle / St Pancrace, Hautes Alpes, France / ER
97 / TTX16 / - / ? / M / Muscle / Hautes Alpes, France / ER
98 / TTX18 / - / ? / F / Muscle / Chteauroux, Hautes Alpes, France / ER
99 / TTX58 / - / ? / M / Muscle / Como, Pagnona, Italy / ER
100 / TTX64 / - / ? / ? / Muscle / Novara, Val Vigezzo, Italy / ER
101 / TTX67 / - / ? / ? / Muscle / Simplon Pass, Switzerland / ER
102 / TTX68 / - / ? / M / Muscle / Simplon Pass, Switzerland / ER
103 / TTX70 / - / ? / ? / Muscle / Brescia, Avenone, Italy / ER
104 / TTX94 / - / ? / ? / Muscle / Vicenza, Asiago, Italy / ER
105 / TTX108 / - / ? / ? / Muscle / Simplon Pass, Switzerland / ER
106 / TTX118 / - / ? / ? / Muscle / Mt. Bondone, Italy / ER
107 / TTX119 / - / ? / M / Muscle / Canton Vallese, Switzerland / ER
108 / TTX210 / - / ? / ? / Muscle / Bolzano, Villandro / ER
109 / TTX211 / - / ? / ? / Muscle / Bolzano, S. Pancrazio d'Ultimo, Italy / ER
110 / T.t.b / SC27 / 3427 / 1975 / M / Skin / Kilchrenan, Scotland / NHMAA
111 / 2A3 / 2A3 / 2003 / ? / Feather / Teesdale, England / JH
112 / 2A4 / 2A4 / 2003 / ? / Feather / Teesdale, England / JH
113 / 4 / REF4 / 2003 / ? / Feather / Teesdale, England / JH
114 / 6 / REF6 / 2003 / ? / Feather / Teesdale, England / JH
115 / 8 / REF8 / 2003 / ? / Feather / Teesdale, England / JH
116 / 11 / REF11 / 2003 / ? / Feather / Teesdale, England / JH
117 / 13 / REF13 / 2003 / ? / Feather / Teesdale, England / JH
118 / 18 / REF18 / 2003 / ? / Feather / Teesdale, England / JH
119 / 19 / REF19 / 2003 / ? / Feather / Teesdale, England / JH
120 / 20 / REF20 / 2003 / ? / Feather / Teesdale, England / JH
121 / 21 / REF21 / 2003 / ? / Feather / Teesdale, England / JH
122 / WA4 / - / 2007 / M / Feather / Llandegla, Wales / RP
123 / WA6 / - / 2007 / M / Feather / Llandegla, Wales / RP
124 / T.t.v / RU3 / 554661 / 1872 / F / Skin / SE Ural Mountains, Russia / NHMS
125 / RU23 / 569546 / 1931 / F / Skin / Omsk, Russia / NHMS
126 / 6R / 6R / 1911 / F / Skin / Western Siberia, Russia / NKUK
127 / 731 / 57731 / ? / M / Skin / SE Russia / ZMUH
128 / 732 / 57732 / ? / F / Skin / Russia / ZMUH
129 / 733 / 57733 / ? / M / Skin / Russia / ZMUH
130 / T.t.ts / 41912T / 41912 / ? / ? / Skin / Altai, Russia / ZMUH
131 / T.t.m / KN1666 / 1666 / ? / ? / Skin / Almaty, Tien Shan, Kazakhstan / NHMAK
132 / KN1638 / 1638 / ? / ? / Skin / Almaty, Tien Shan, Kazakhstan / NHMAK
133 / KN1683 / 1683 / ? / ? / Skin / Almaty, Tien Shan, Kazakhstan / NHMAK
134 / KN1723 / 1723 / ? / ? / Skin / Almaty, Tien Shan, Kazakhstan / NHMAK
135 / KN1742 / 1742 / ? / ? / Skin / Almaty, Tien Shan, Kazakhstan / NHMAK
136 / T.t.b / AF532457 / csw 5895 / 1998 / F / Skin / Dornod Aymag, Mongolia / SVD*
137 / T.t.u / 556244 / 556244 / 1936 / F / Skin / North Korea / NHMS
138 / 556227 / 556227 / 1936 / M / Skin / North Korea / NHMS
139 / 556230 / 556230 / 1936 / F / Skin / North Korea / NHMS
140 / 556233 / 556233 / 1936 / F / Skin / North Korea / NHMS
141 / 556234 / 556234 / 1936 / M / Skin / North Korea / NHMS
142 / 556235 / 556235 / 1936 / F / Skin / North Korea / NHMS
143 / 556243 / 556243 / 1936 / M / Skin / North Korea / NHMS
* Drovetski’s paper (accession numbers AF532457, AF532458, AF532459)