Name: ____________________________ Date: __________ Block: ____________

French Revolution and Napoleon

European History

A. The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789–1815

a. The French Revolution establishes a ______________ _____, Napoleon Bonaparte gains and loses an empire, and _______________________________________.

Section 1

b. The French Revolution Begins

i. Economic and social inequalities in the Old Regime help cause the French Revolution.

B. The Old Order

a. The Old Regime

i. Old Regime—__________________________ _____________________________________

ii. Estates—_____________________________ _____________________________________

b. The Privileged Estates

i. ___________________—Catholic clergy—own 10 percent land, pay few taxes

ii. ___________________—rich nobles—2 percent population, own 20 percent land

c. The Third Estate

i. ______________________________________________________________________________

ii. Have few privileges, pay heavy taxes, want change

Notes:

C. The Forces of Change

a. Enlightenment Ideas

i. _______________________________________

b. Economic Troubles

i. ______________________________________________________________________________

ii. King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette known for extravagance

iii. ______________________________________________________________________________

c. A Weak Leader

i. Louis’s poor decisions and lack of patience add to France’s problems

ii. ______________________________________________________________________________

D. Dawn of the Revolution

a. The National Assembly

i. _______________________________________

ii. Sieyès persuades them to make major changes in French government

iii. ______________________________________________________________________________

iv. Tennis Court Oath—_____________________ _______________________________________

b. Storming the Bastille

i. Rumors fly in Paris that Louis wants to suppress National Assembly

ii. ______________________________________________________________________________

Notes:

E. A Great Fear Sweeps France

a. Rebellion

i. Rumors and panic spread throughout France

ii. Great Fear—____________________________ _______________________________________

iii. ______________________________________________________________________________

iv. In October 1789, Parisian women revolt over rising price of bread

v. They demand action, forcing Louis to return from Versailles to Paris

Section 2

b. Revolution Brings Reform and Terror

i. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

F. The Assembly Reforms France

a. The Rights of Man

i. ______________________________________________________________________________

ii. Revolutionary leaders use the slogan, “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”

b. A State-Controlled Church

i. ______________________________________________________________________________

ii. This action alarms many peasants, who are devout Catholics

c. Louis Tries to Escape

i. Louis, worried about his future, attempts to escape France

Notes:

ii. ______________________________________________________________________________

G. Divisions Develop

a. A Limited Monarchy

i. In September 1791, Assembly finishes new constitution

ii. ______________________________________________________________________________

b. Factions Split France

i. ______________________________________________________________________________

ii. Assembly split into Radicals, Moderates, Conservatives

iii. Émigrés—______________________________ _______________________________________

iv. Sans-culottes—__________________________ _______________________________________

H. War and Execution

a. Problems with Other Countries

i. ______________________________________________________________________________

b. France at War

i. Prussian forces soon threaten to attack Paris

ii. Parisian mob jails royal family, kills guards

iii. Mob breaks into prisons, killing over 1,000, including many who support king

iv. ______________________________________________________________________________

v. ______________________________________________________________________________

Notes:

c. Jacobins Take Control

i. Jacobins—______________________________ _______________________________________

ii. After a close vote, Louis XVI is found guilty of ___________________________________

iii. ______________________________________________________________________________

d. The War Continues

i. French army wins great victory against Prussians and Austrians

ii. ______________________________________________________________________________

iii. National Convention orders draft of 300,000 to reinforce army

I. The Terror Grips France

a. Divided Country

i. Not all people in France support all changes of the Revolution

b. Robespierre Assumes Control

i. Maximilien Robespierre—________________ _______________________________________

ii. Becomes leader of the Committee for Public Safety, __________________

iii. Reign of Terror—________________________ _______________________________________

iv. Thousands die during the Terror, including former allies and Marie Antoinette

v. 85 percent of those who die during the Terror are ___________________________________

Notes:

J. End of the Terror

a. Another Change in Government

i. In July 1794, Robespierre arrested, executed

ii. Terror results in public opinion shifting away from radicals

iii. Moderate leaders write new constitution

iv. ______________________________________________________________________________

v. ______________________________________________________________________________

Section 3

b. Napoleon Forges an Empire

i. Napoleon Bonaparte, a military genius, seizes power in France and makes himself emperor.

K. Napoleon Seizes Power

a. Early Life

i. Napoleon Bonaparte—___________________ _______________________________________

b. Hero of the Hour

i. ______________________________________________________________________________

ii. Napoleon wins stunning victories in Italy, gaining popularity

iii. News of his defeats in Egypt is suppressed

c. Coup d’État

i. ______________________________________________________________________________

ii. Napoleon defeats British, Russians, Austrians who join forces against him

Notes:

L. Napoleon Rules France

a. Vote of Approval

i. ______________________________________________________________________________

b. Restoring Order at Home

i. ______________________________________________________________________________

ii. Establishes ___________—government-run public schools to train officials

iii. ______________________________________________________________________________

iv. Creates Napoleonic Code—________________ _______________________________________

c. Napoleon Crowned as Emperor

i. In December 1804, Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France

M. Napoleon Creates an Empire

a. Loss of American Territories

i. In 1801, Napoleon attempts to retake colony of Saint Domingue but fails

ii. ______________________________________________________________________________

iii. ______________________________________________________________________________

b. Conquering Europe

i. Britain, Russia, Austria, Sweden join forces against Napoleon

ii. Napoleon crushes enemy forces in several brilliant battles

Notes:

iii. Napoleon forces Austria, Russia, Sweden to sign peace treaties

c. The Battle of Trafalgar

i. In 1805, British win Battle of Trafalgar—_______________________________________

ii. This defeat forces Napoleon to give up plan of invading Britain

iii. Looks for another way to control Britain

d. The French Empire

i. Napoleon controls Europe except for Britain, Portugal, Sweden, Ottomans

ii. ______________________________________________________________________________

iii. French Empire reaches largest extent from 1807 to 1812

Section 4

e. Napoleon’s Empire Collapses

i. Napoleon’s conquests aroused nationalistic feelings across Europe and contributed to his downfall.

N. Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes

a. The Continental System

i. ______________________________________________________________________________

ii. Continental System—____________________ _______________________________________

iii. Smugglers and uncooperative allies make France’s blockade fail

iv. Britain responds with blockade of its own, led by its stronger navy

Notes:

v. Americans fight Britain in War of 1812; war does no major damage to Britain

b. The Peninsular War

i. Napoleon sends troops across Spain to attack Portugal, causing protest

ii. ______________________________________________________________________________

iii. Spanish fight as guerrillas—_______________ _______________________________________

iv. British aid Spanish guerrillas

v. Napoleon loses 300,000 soldiers during this Peninsular War

vi. Nationalist rebels fight the French in other conquered territories

c. The Invasion of Russia

i. ______________________________________________________________________________

ii. In June 1812, Napoleon’s army marches into Russia with 420,000 men

iii. Russians use scorched-earth policy—_______________________________________

iv. In September 1812, Russians retreat from Moscow after Battle of Borodino

v. Napoleon finds Moscow abandoned and burning

vi. ______________________________________________________________________________

O. Napoleon’s Downfall

a. Napoleon Suffers Defeat

i. Britain, Prussia, Sweden, Russia, Austria join forces against Napoleon

Notes:

ii. Napoleon raises another army, but meets quick defeat by allied powers

iii. ______________________________________________________________________________

b. The Hundred Days

i. Louis XVIII, new king, is soon overthrown and ______________________________________

ii. Waterloo—_____________________________ _______________________________________

iii. This defeat ends Hundred Days—Napoleon’s last attempt at power

Section 5

c. The Congress of Vienna

i. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

P. Metternich’s Plan for Europe

a. A Meeting of Nations

i. Congress of Vienna—____________________ ______________________________________

b. Metternich and the Great Powers

i. Klemens von Metternich—foreign minister of Austria, influential at Congress

ii. ______________________________________________________________________________

c. The Containment of France

i. Kingdom of the Netherlands formed, and ______________________________________

ii. Austria dominates new German Confederation of 39 German states

Notes:

iii. Kingdom of Sardinia is strengthened by adding Genoa

d. Balance of Power

i. ______________________________________________________________________________

e. Legitimacy

i. Legitimacy—____________________________ _______________________________________

ii. Leaders hope to restore order through these changes

iii. Congress of Vienna succeeds in getting all European governments together

iv. Fair deals are worked out so that the meeting does not lead to more war

v. ______________________________________________________________________________

Q. Political Changes Beyond Vienna

a. Conservative Europe

i. Holy Alliance—_________________________ _______________________________________

ii. Concert of Europe—European nations pledge to help fight revolutions

iii. Conservative governments rule across Europe, but new ideas have impact

b. Revolutions in Latin America

i. ______________________________________________________________________________

ii. Many former colonies of Spain and Portugal gain independence

c. Long-Term Legacy

i. ______________________________________________________________________________

Notes:

French Revolution and Napoleon Notes: Page 10