ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
OVERVIEW
Body Plan and Organization - Homeostasis
ANATOMY
the study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other
FORM
what something looks like
where something is located
PHYSIOLOGY
the study of the functioning of specific body parts and systems
FUNCTION
how something works
what something does
Levels of Organization
Chemical Level
Cellular Level
Tissue Level
Organ Level
System Level
Organism Level
Chemical Level
atoms - compounds -molecules
all chemical substances essential for maintaining life
Cellular Level
various types and classifications of cells
each cell has a unique structure and function
Tissue Level
collection of similar cells grouped together to perform a specific function
usually derived from a common embryonic origin
Organ Level
structures that are composed of two or more different tissues
have specific functions
usually have recognizable shapes
System Level
an association of organs that have a common function
Organism Level
all parts of a body are functioning with one another as a living individual
Characteristics of Life(Life Processes)
Characteristic activities that are vital to existence of an organism
Metabolism
The sum total of all chemical processes that occur in the body
Anabolism
Using energy to synthesize or manufacture new tissue
Catabolism
The breakdown of tissue or chemical structures to produce or generate energy
Position DescriptorsDirectional Terms
Superior (Cranial)
Inferior (Caudal)
Anterior (Ventral)
Posterior (Dorsal)
Medial- Lateral
Proximal- Distal
Superficial- Deep
Planes
Fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided to facilitate viewing a structure or describing a movement
Sagittal Plane
Divides a body or structure into right and left sections
Mid - Sagittal Plane
Divides a body or structure into equal right and left halves
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
Divides a body or structure into anterior and posterior sections
Transverse (Horizontal) Plane
Divides a body or structure into superior and inferior sections
BODY CAVITIES
Spaces within the body that contain the internal organs
Dorsal Body Cavity
Cranial Cavity
–houses the brain
Vertebral (Spinal Cavity)
–bony cavity formed by the vertebra of the spine that houses and protects the spinal cord
Ventral Body Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
–pleural cavities (2)
–mediastinum
–pericardial cavity
Abdonimopelvic Cavity
–abdominal cavity
–pelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
the abdominopelvic cavity can be functionally divided into quadrants and regions to more specifically identify organ locations
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
used mostly in the medical and clinical disciplines
functionally divides the abdominopelvic cavity into four quadrants
–RUQ = Right Upper Quadrant
–LUQ = Left Upper Quadrant
–RLQ = Right Lower Quadrant
–LLQ = Left Lower Quadrant
Abdominopelvic Regions
a tic-tac-toe like grid that divides the abdominopelvic cavity into nine regions
used mostly by anatomists, scientist, and academicians to more specifically identify the location of organs and other structures within the abdominopelvic cavity
Right Hypochondriac
Epigastric
Left Hypochondriac
Right Lumbar
Umbilical
Left Lumbar
Right Iliac (Inguinal)
Hypogastric (Pubic)
Left Iliac (Inguinal)
Homeostasis
An attempt by the body to maintain a constant internal environment within prescribed physiological limits
Parameters Maintained in Homeostasis
gas concentrations
temperature
pressure
pH (acidity)
nutrient concentrations
water concentrations
chemical environment
STRESS
any factor that will disrupt Homeostasis
External Stressors
heat
cold
noise
light
exercise
Internal Stressors
pain
tumors
high blood pressure
chemical imbalances
unpleasant thoughts
Homeostatic Control Systems
Nervous System
–rapid response
Endocrine System
–responds more slowly
Feedback Systems
any circular situation in which information about something is monitored and FED BACK to a control center
Components of a Feedback System
Control Center
–an area that receives information about a monitored condition and determines an appropriate response
Receptor
–an area or structure that monitors a controlled condition
Effector
–structure that produces a response or changes a controlled condition
Types of Feedback Systems
Negative Feedback System
–the response counteracts the input
–most common feedback mechanism
–examples:
blood pressure
cardiac output
temperature regulation
Positive Feedback System
–the response is intensified by the input
–breast feeding by an infant
–labor contractions during childbirth
Body Fluids
Intra-Cellular Fluid
–fluid INSIDE the cell (Cytosol)
Extra-Cellular Fluid
–fluid OUTSIDE the cell
PLASMA = fluid found within a tube
INTERCELLULAR = fluid found between cells (INTERSTITIAL fluid)
Unit One Medical Anatomy and Physiologydraft copy1