KEAN UNIVERSITY
Union, New Jersey
Dr. Leonard Elovitz Spring 2011
EL Department Course Syllabus
205D East Campus (908)737-5976
OFFICE HOURS
Monday
In the field
Tuesday
2:25 to 4:25 PM
Wednesday
1:00 TO 3:00 PM
Thursday
1:00 TO 3:00 PM
Website
www.kean.edu/~lelovitz
EDUCATIONAL FINANCE AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION
IN URBAN SCHOOL DISTRICTS AND COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS
Course Number: EDD 6102
Semester Hours: Three
Prerequisites: Graduate Status
Limitations on
Enrollment: 25
Required: For Ed. D. Candidates
Catalog Description:
The aspects of obtaining, managing and expending funds are studied. Particular attention is given to the concepts of equality and equity as they apply to the urban school district and community organizations.
Educational Finance and Resource Allocation in Urban School Districts and Community Organizations
(EDD 6102)
I. Course Objectives
Students will achieve growth towards becoming informed, dynamic, professionals through knowledge acquisition (K), skill application (S) and value development (V), as evidenced by demonstration of the ability to:
A. apply an understanding of educational governance and finance structures and models to ensure that adequate financial resources are allocated equitably for the district. (3.3.3) (K,S,V)
B. explain the system for financing education and its effects on the equitable distribution of educational opportunities within and among districts. (6.1.4) (K,S)
C. describe and evaluate educational finance reform in terms of equality and equity. (K,S,V)
D. allocate and justify resources to sustain the instructional program. (2.2.4) (K,S,V)
E. utilize effective organization of fiscal, human, and material resources, giving priority to student learning and safety, and demonstrating an understanding of the budgeting processes and fiduciary responsibilities. (3.1.2) (K,S,V)
F. manage time effectively, use problem-solving skills and knowledge of strategic, long-range, and operational planning (including applications of technology) in the effective, legal, and equitable use of fiscal, human, and material resource allocation that focuses on teaching and learning. (3.1.3, 3.3.1) (K,S,V)
G. apply and assess current technologies for management, business procedures, and scheduling. (3.3.4) (K,S,V)
H. develop ways to use public resources and funds appropriately and effectively to encourage communities to provide new resources to address emerging student problems and creatively seek new resources to facilitate leaning (3.3.2, 4.3.3) (K,S,V)
II. Course Content
A. The Legal Framework of Education
1. Federal
2. State
3. Local
B. Financing Schools
1. Social and economic pressure
2. Core values
3. Political-economic model for education policy making
4. Funding models – state aid
a. Matching grants
b. Flat grants
c. Foundation programs
d. Tax-base-equalizing programs
e. Percentage equalization
f. Guaranteed tax base
g. Guaranteed yield
h. District power equalizing
i. Full state funding
j. Comprehensive Education Improvement Finance Act (CEIFA)
5. Federal Aid
a. National interest
b. Entitlement programs
c. Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) – Title I
d. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
e. Bilingual education
f. Title IX
g. Vocational education
h. Technology
i. No Child Left Behind (NCLB)
C. Educational Finance Reform
1. Judicial review of educational finance
a. Brown v. Board of Education
b. Serrano v. Priest
c. McInnis v. Ogilvie
d. San Antonio v. Rodriguez
e. Robinson v. Cahill
f. Hobson v. Hansen
g. Abbott v Burke
2. Equality, equity and adequacy
D. Resource Allocation
1. Determining the means by which educational services are provided
2. Allocating resources through budget development
a. Zero based budgeting
b. Program budgeting
c. Prioritization of appropriations
3. Sources of revenue
a. State and federal aid
b. Merits of specific taxes
i. Personal income tax
ii. Corporate income tax
iii. Excise and sales taxes
iv. Value-added taxes
v. Lotteries
vi. Severance tax
vii. Estate and gift taxes
viii. Payroll taxes
c. Local property taxes
i. Property assessment
ii. Determination of tax levy
iii. Determination of tax rate
iv. Calculation of taxes
d. Other sources of income
E. Utilization of Fiscal, Human, and Material Resources
1. Financial rewards
a. Calculation of salary guides
b. Fringe benefits
c. Accountability
d. Merit pay
e. Career ladder
2. Site based management
a. Site planning and budget development
b. Purchasing
3. Measuring students’ educational needs
a. Enrollment projection
b. Special education
c. Gifted and talented
d. Vocational education
e. Compensatory education
f. Early childhood education
g. Bilingual education
h. Technology
i. Transportation
j. School district size and organization
F. Time management
1. The budget cycle
2. Purchasing cycle
3. Long range planning
4. Planning referenda
G. Application and Assessment of Technology
1. Software
2. Hardware
H. New and Alternative Applications of Learning Resources
1. Privatization
2. Charter schools
3. School choice
4. Educational vouchers
III. Methods of Instruction
A. Lecture and discussion
B. Computer simulations
C. Case studies
IV. Methods of Evaluation
A. Midterm 30%
B. Final 40%
B. Simulations 20%
C. Classroom participation 10%
V. Required Text
Guthrie, J.W., Springer, M.G., Rolle, R.A & Houck, E.A. Modern Education Finance and Policy (3rd Edition). Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2007. ISBN 0-205-47001-7 $89.33.
VI. Bibliography
Adist, T. L. & Murdock, G. Practical Ideas for Cutting Costs and Generating Revenues in
Education. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Education, 2005.
Anyon, J. Radical Possibilities: Public Policy, Urban Education, and a New Social
Movement. London: Falmer Press, 2005.
Chan, T.C. & Richardson, M.D. The Ins and Outs of School Facility Management: More
than Bricks and Mortar. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Education, 2005.
Corwin G. & Schneider, E. School Choice Hoax: Fixing America's Schools. Westport,
CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005.
Dalehite, E. Economic development vs. education: Are property tax abatements and K-12 school finance equalization policies at cross-purposes? Saarbrücken, Germany:LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2009.
Fischel, W. Making the Grade: The Economic Evolution of American School Districts.
Chicago, IL: University Of Chicago Press, 2009.
Fischel, W. Homevoter Hypothesis: How Home Values Influence Local Government
Taxation, School Finance, and Land-Use Policies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 2005.
Guthrie, J. W. et. al. Modern Education Finance and Policy. Boston: Allyn and Bacon,
2007.
Lifto, D.E. School Finance Elections: A Comprehensive Planning Model for
Success. (2nd Edition) Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Education, 2009.
Odden, A. Picus,L.O. & Picus, L. School Finance: A Policy Perspective.(3rd Edition) New York, McGraw-Hill, 2007.
Leyden, D.P. Adequacy, Accountability, and the Future of Public Education Funding. New York: Springer Publishing, 2010.
Poston, W.K. School Budgeting for Hard Times: Confronting Cutbacks and Critics. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin, 2010.
Rebell, M. Courts and Kids: Pursuing Educational Equity through the State Courts,
Chicago,IL: University Of Chicago Press, 2009.
Richards, C.E., Baker, B.D, & Green, P. School Finance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall, 2005.
Scott, J.T. School Choice and Diversity: What the Evidence Says. New York: Teachers
College Press, 2005.
Shober, A. Splintered Accountability: State Governance and Education Reform. New York: SUNY Press, 2010.
Townley, A. & Schminder, J. School Finance: A California Perspective. Dubuque, IA:
Kendall Hunt Publishing, 2007.
Wagoner, C. Communicating School Finance: What Every Beginning Principal Needs To
Know. Lincoln NE: iUniverse, 2005.
Walker, E, & Weil, D. Educational Adequacy and the Courts: A Reference Handbook.
Santa Barbara, CA: A B C-CLIO, 2005.
VII. Seminal Works
Alexander, K. & Salmon, R. Public School Finance. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1995.
Amidon. S. Human Capital. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004.
Anderson, L. Managing Finance, Resources and Stakeholders in Education. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Corwin, 2001.
ASBO International. Financing School Facilities. Reston, VA: Association of School
Business Officials International, 1999.
Benson, C. The Economics of Public Education (3rd Edition). New York: Houghton
Mifflin, 1978.
Boschee, F. & Carleton, C. R. School Bond Success. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 1999.
Brimley, V.R. & Garfield, R.R. Financing Education in a Climate of Change. Boston:
Allyn and Bacon, 2004.
Burke, M.A. Simplified Grantwriting. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin, 2002.
Burrup, P. E., Brimley, V. , Jr. & Garfield R. Financing Education in a
Climate of Change (7th Edition). Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1999.
Coe, C. K. Public Financial Management. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1989.
Coleman, M. & Anderson, L. Managing Finance and Resources in Education. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Corwin, 2000.
Coons, J. , Clune, W. & Sugarman, S. Private Wealth and Public Education.
Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1970.
Earthman, G. I. Planning Educational Facilities for the Next Century. Reston, VA:
Association of School Business Officials International, 2000.
Flynn, J. The Art of Investing School District Funds. Reston, VA: Association of School
Business Officials International, 1990.
Garner, C. W. Education Finance for School Leaders: Strategic Planning and
Administration. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2004
Garms, W., Guthrie, J. & Pierce, L. School Finance, The Economics and Politics of
Public Education. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, 1978.
Glickman, R. & Elovitz, L. H. “The Elimination of Public Voting on New
Jersey School Budgets,” NJASA Perspective, Spring 1988, pp. 31-35.
Guthrie, J. W. (Ed.). School Finance Policies and Practices, The 1980’s: A Decade
of Conflict. Cambridge: Ballinger Publishing, 1980.
Hunter, M. & Elovitz, L. H. “Survey to Soothsay,” NJASA Perspective, Summer 1985,
pp. 14-16.
Jones, E. B. Cash Management: A Financial Overview for School Administrators. Lanham,
MD: Scarecrow, 2001.
Karsh, E. & Fox, A.S. The Only Grant Writing Book You'll Ever Need: Top Grant Writers
and Grant Givers Share Their Secrets! New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2003.
Michel, G. J. Building Schools. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2001.
Miron, G. &Nelson, C. What's Public About Charter Schools? : Lessons Learned About
Choice and Accountability. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin, 2001.
National Research Council. Making Money Matter: Financing America’s Schools.
Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1999.
National Conference of State Legislatures. Principles of a Sound State School Finance
System. Denver, CO: National Conference of State Legislatures, 1996.
National Conference of State Legislatures. Educational Adequacy: Building an Adequate
School Finance System. Denver, CO: National Conference of State Legislatures,
1998.
Odden, A. & Archibald, S. Reallocating Resources: How to Boost Student Achievement
Without Asking for More. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin, 2001.
Peterson, P. The Future of School Choice. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press,
2003.
Prince, C.D. Higher Pay in Hard-to-Staff Schools: The Case for Financial Incentives.
Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Education, 2003.
Ramsey, R. D. Fiscal Fitness for School Administrators. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin,
2000.
Ray, J.R., Candoli, I.C., & Hack, W.G. School Business Administration: A Planning
Approach. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2004.
Reock, E. C. State Aid For Schools in New Jersey, 1976-1996. New Brunswick:
Center For Government Services, Rutgers University, 1996.
Reutter, E. & Hamilton, R. The Law of Public Education. New York: The Foundation
Press, 1970.
Reutter, E. & Hamilton, R. The Law of Public Education, 1973 Supplement. New
York: The Foundation Press, 1973.
Russo, C.J. & Russo, C.L. Reutter's the Law of Public Education. New York: The
Foundation Press, 2003.
Salisbury, D. (Editor) Educational Freedom in Urban America: Brown v. Board after
Half a Century. Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2004.
Van Heemst, D. Empowering the Poor: Why Justice Requires School Choice. Lanham,
MD: Rowman & Littlefield Education, 2004.
Wise, A. E. Legislated Learning: The Bureaucratization of the American Classroom.
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.
Wood, R. C. & D. S. Honeyman. How Public Schools Are Financed. Reston, VA:
Association of School Business Officials International, 1991.
Yinger, J. (Editor). Helping Children Left Behind: State Aid and the Pursuit of
Educational Equity. Cambridge: MA: MIT Press, 2004.
VIII. Court Cases
Abbott v. Burke, 477 A.2d 1278 (1984); 495 A.2d 376 (1985); 575 A.2d 359 (N.J.
1990); 643 A.2d 575 (N.J. 1994).
Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
Hobson v. Hansen, 327 F. Supp. 844 (DDC 1971).
McInnis v. Shapiro, 293 F. Supp. 327 (1968); Affirmed, McInnis v. Ogalvie, 394 U.S.
322 (1969).
Robinson v. Cahill, 303 A.2d 273 (N.J. 1973); A.2d 129 (N.J. 1976).
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 1 (1973);
Serrano v. Priest, 487 P.2d 1214 (1971); 557 P.2d 929 (1976); 226 CAL. RPTR. 584 (Cal.App.1986).
IX. Non-print media
101 Templates for School Business Administration. Reston, VA:
Association of School Business Officials International, 1993.
“Comprehensive Annual Financial Report” (Video). Reston, VA:
Association of School Business Officials, 1989.
“Professional School Business Administrator” (Video). Reston, VA: Association of School Business Officials International, 1987.
Smith, C. A. EnrollForecast: K-12 Enrollment Forecasting Program. Reston, VA:
Association of School Business Officials, 1995.
X. Web Sites
American Association of School Administrators www.aasa.org
U.S. Dept of Education www.ed.gov
Ask ERIC ericir.syr.edu
Educational Research Service www.ers.org
New Jersey Department of Education www.state.nj.us/education
New Jersey Association of School Business Officials www.njasbo.com
Association of School Business Officials International www.asbointl.org
National School Boards Association www.nsba.org
New Jersey School Boards Association www.njsba.org
XI. Computer Simulations
Computer simulations are found at:
http://wps.ablongman.com/ab_bacon_edadmin_1/7/1806/462535.cw/index.html
Simulation 2.2: Local Revenue for Public Education
Simulation 2.3: Revenue Projection
Simulation 4.1: Graphing State Tax Profiles
Simulation 4.2: Making Pie and Bar Graphs of the Proportional Composition of Total Tax Receipts for a Single State
Simulation 5.1: Calculating Property Tax Levies and Tax Rates
Simulation 5.2: Impact of Property Tax Exemptions
Simulation 7.1: Determining Total and Per Pupil Property Valuation
Simulation 7.2: Foundation Program
Simulation 7.3: Percentage Equalizing Program
Simulation 7.4: Guaranteed Tax Base Program
Simulation 8.1: Determining Total and Per Pupil Income and Property Valuation
Simulation 8.2: Changing the Measure of School District Wealth in the Percentage Equalizing Program
Simulation 8.3: Changing the Measure of School District Need From Average Daily Membership (ADM) to Average Daily Attendance (ADA)
Simulation 8.4: Changing the Measure of School District Need From Average Daily Membership (ADM) to Weighted Average Daily Membership (WADM)
Simulation 11.1: Federal Range Ratio
Simulation 11.2: Coefficient of Variation and McLoone Index
Simulation 11.3: Lorenz Curve and Data for Calculating the GINI Coefficient
Simulation 11.4: Correlation Coefficient and Scattergram
Simulation 12.1: Education Production Function
Simulation 13.1: Single Salary Schedule
Simulation 13.2: Performance-based Salary Model
Simulation 14.1: Site-based Budget
Simulation 14.2: Budget Rescission
Simulation 14.3: Budget Additions