Skin and Body Membranes

Skin and Body Membranes

I. Function of body membranes

II. Classification of Body Membranes (2)

1. ______Tissue Membrane

§ ______membrane

2. ______Tissue Membrane

§ Synovial membrane

EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES (3):

a.) ______Membrane [picture (a)]

§ Cutaneous membrane = ______

§ A ______membrane

§ Outermost ______boundary

§ Superficial epidermis

§ Keratinized ______epithelium

§ Underlying dermis

§ Mostly dense ______tissue

b.) ______Membranes [picture (b)]

§ Surface epithelium

§ Type depends on site

§ Underlying loose ______tissue (lamina propria)

§ Lines all body cavities that ______to the ______body surface

§ Often adapted for ______or ______

c.) ______Membranes [picture (c)]

§ Surface simple squamous epithelium

§ Underlying areolar connective tissue

§ Lines open body cavities that are ______to the ______of the body

§ Serous layers separated by ______fluid

§ Specific serous membranes (3) [picture (d)]

§ ______

§ Abdominal cavity (e.)

§ Pleura

§ Around the ______

§ Pericardium

§ Around the ______

CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANE (1)

1. Synovial membrane [picture (e.)]

§ ______tissue only

§ Lines fibrous capsules surrounding ______

Integumentary System

Skin Structure

w ______(cutaneous membrane)

w Also called the integument

w Skin derivatives

w ______glands

w Hairs

w ______

Skin Functions

w Protects deeper tissues from:

w ______damage (bumps)

w Chemical damage (acids & bases)

w Bacterial damage (from ______)

w ______damage (heat or cold)

w Ultraviolet radiation (effects of sunlight)

w Desiccation (______)

w Aids in ______

w Aids in ______of urea and uric acid

w ______vitamin D

Skin Structure

w ______– outer layer

w Stratified squamous epithelium

w Often keratinized (hardened by keratin)

w ______

§ Dense ______tissue

§ Found ______the epidermis

§ Deep to dermis is the hypodermis

§ Also called ______tissue

§ Not part of the skin

§ Anchors skin to underlying ______

§ Composed mostly of adipose tissue

Layer of Epidermis

1. ______

w Also called stratum germinativum

w Stratum basale or ______is deepest layer

w Lies next to dermis

w Cells undergoing mitosis

2. Stratum ______

3. ______granulosum

4. Stratum lucidum

w Occurs only in ______skin

5. Stratum corneum

w ______layer of the epidermis

w Shingle-like dead cells

w Flakes off slowly and replaced by _____ cell

Epidermis Facts

w ______

w New epidermis every ______

Melanin

w ______(melanin) produced by ______

w Color is yellow to ______to ______

w Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale

w Amount of melanin produced depends upon ______and exposure to ______

w ______and ______are found where melanin is concentrated to one spot

w Collagen & elastic fibers ______as we age

Dermis

w ______layers

1. Papillary layer

w Outermost layer of ______

w Projections called dermal papillae

w ______receptors

w Papillae are arranged in patterns that are genetically determined

w This is what allows you to leave ______

2. ______layer

w Blood vessels

w Glands

w Nerve receptors

Dermis Facts

w Vascular and helps maintain body ______homeostasis

w Various ______are found in the dermis

w Collagen fibers are responsible for the ______and help keep skin ______

w ______fibers gives skin its elasticity

Skin

Color Determinants:

Normal Skin Color Determinant / Characteristics
• Yellow, ______or ______pigments
• ______from some vegetables
• Red coloring from ______capillaries
· ______determines the extent of red coloring
· The ______oxygen, the ______the skin
Skin colors resulting from conditions / Characteristics
· ______is poorly oxygenated, and the skin appears blue
· Skin becomes cyanotic when a person has difficulty breathing or heart attack
· Skin color can indicate emotions or disease
Redness or / · red skin may indicate embarrassment, fever, ______, ______, or ______
Pallor or / · looking ______
· may be from anger, fear, ______, low blood pressure, or ______blood flow
· ______cast
· shows as a yellow skin tone – indicates ______** disorder in which excess bile pigments are absorbed into the ______
· ______has escaped from the circulation and clotted in tissue spaces – also called ______**

SKIN APPENDAGES

• Cutaneous glands are all ______glands that release their secretion to the skin surface via ducts

Two groups

a. Sebaceous (oil) glands

b. Sweat glands

a.) ______glands ( ______glands)

· Found everywhere except palms of ______and soles of the ______

· Produce ______or sebum

· Lubricant for skin

· Kills ______

· Most with _____ that empty into hair follicles

· Glands are activated at ______

· Blocked sebum gland’s duct forms a whitehead, a ______forms if it oxidizes

· ______is an active infection of the ______glands

b.) ______glands

· More than ______per person

· Widely distributed in skin

· Produce sweat

· Two types: Eccrine and Apocrine

1. ______glands

· Open via duct to ______on skin surface

· More numerous and are found all over the body

· Help regulate ______

· If body temperature or external temperature is ______, they secrete ______

2. ______glands

· Ducts empty into ______

· Found mainly in the ______(arm pit) and ______regions

· Begin to function in ______

· Function minimally in thermoregulation

· Responsible for odor in humans

Sweat and Its Function

Composition

· Mostly ______

· Some metabolic waste

· Fatty acids and proteins (______only)

Function

· Helps ______excess heat

· Excretes ______products

· Acidic nature inhibits ______growth

· ______is from associated bacteria

Hair (picture c)

· Produced by ______

· Consists of hard ______epithelial cells

· ______provide pigment for hair color

Hair Anatomy

(picture b)

· Central ______

· Cortex surrounds medulla

· ______on outside of cortex

· ______heavily keratinized

Associated Hair Structures (pic a)

- Hair follicle

______and epidermal sheath -surround hair root

- ______pilli

· Smooth muscle

Sebaceous gland

Sweat gland

Appendages of the Skin

· Nails

Scale-like modifications of the ______
Heavily ______
Stratum basale extends beneath nail bed

• Responsible for growth

· ______of pigment makes them colorless

Nail Structures (picture a and b)

· Free edge

· Body

· Root of nail

· ______– proximal nail fold that projects onto the nail body

Ch 4 Notes: INFECTIONS

Skin Homeostatic Imbalances: INFECTIONS

-Skin can develop more than 1000 different ailments

-Most common skin disorders are allergies, bacterial, fungal, or viral infections

-Less common skin conditions are burns and skin cancer

Types of Infections / Characteristics / Area Affected
1. / - itchy, ______/ - Between the ______
2. Boils and / - inflammation of hair follicles
- inflammation of ______/ - Hair ______and sebaceous glands
3.
“Fever Blisters” / - small, ______blisters that ______and sting
- caused by ______
-activated by ______, fever or ______/ - Cold sores occur around the ______and oral mucosa
4. / - itching, ______, & ______of the skin progressing to ______
- caused by ______that provoke allergic reaction / - Anywhere on skin
5. / - pink, water-filled, raised ______that develop a ______and rupture
-caused by ______
-common in ______age children / - Occur around the ______and ______
6. / - chronic condition with reddened epidermal ______covered with dry, ______scales
- can be disfiguring when severe
- can be ______
- attacks triggered by trauma, ______, and ______/ - Anywhere on skin

Cancers

Skin Cancer (2 Types)

· ______– abnormal cell mass

1. ______**

· Does not spread (encapsulated)

2. ______**

· ________ (moves) to other parts of the body

· Skin cancer is the ______type of cancer

· Risk factors for skin cancer are exposure to UV radiation in ______

Skin Cancer Types

1. Basal Cell Carcinoma

2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma

3. Malignant Melanoma

1. Basal cell ______

· ______malignant

· Most ______type

· Arises from ______

· It is ______growing

· Full cure happens ______of the cases where the lesion is removed surgically

2. ______carcinoma

· Arises from stratum spinosum

· Metastasizes to lymph nodes

· Lesion appear as a scaly reddened papule that forms a shallow ulcer with a raised border

· Appears often on the scalp, ears, dorsum of the hands, and lower lip

· Sun-induced

· Caught early and surgically removed or by radiation therapy, complete cure is good

3. ______

· ______of skin cancers

· Cancer of ______

· Can begin wherever there is pigment, most appear ______, but some develop from pigmented ____

· Appears as a spreading ______to ______patch and metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels

· Early detection helps survival using ABCD rule

· Treatment is surgical removal and chemotherapy

ABCD Rule

A - ______: Two ______of pigmented mole don’t ______

B - ______: Borders of mole are not ______

C - ______: ______colors in pigmented area

D - ______: Spot is larger then ______in diameter

______

BURNS

- ______damage and cell death

- Caused by heat, ______, UV radiation, or chemicals

- Associated dangers

1. ______

2. Electrolyte ______

3. ______shock

RULE OF ______

- Way to determine the extent of ______

- Body is divided into ____ areas for quick estimation

-Each area represents about ______

· See Body Diagram Worksheet

Severity of Burn / Characteristics / Area Affected / Long-Term Effects / Other Names
First Degree / - Skin is _____ and swollen
- ex: ______/ Only ______is damaged / - Heal in ____ to _____ days
Second Degree / - Skin is red with blisters / ______and ______are damaged / No permanent scars,
______happens
Third Degree / - Burn is ______- ______or black
- Nerve endings are burned, the area is ______/ Destroys ______
______/ Re-growth ______occur, ______must be done to cover the exposed tissue

Critical Burns

Burns are considered critical if:

· ______of body has ______degree burns

· ______of the body has ______degree burns

· There are third degree burns of the ______

· Joint injuries can be troublesome because scar tissue forms and can ______