Supplementary Table S1 Global Varroa destructor survey conducted in 2011-2012 over 16 regions of Madagascar. For each district are given: total numbers of sites and colonies inspected; colony type (M: managed; MT: managed and transported; F: feral); prevalence of V. destructor and presence of other parasites or worker abnormalities observed (Gm: Galleria mellonella, Aa: Acherontia atropos, At: Aethina tumida, DW: deformed wings).

Regions (R) / Districts (D) / Nu. of sites (colonies) / Colony type / V. destructor infested site rates / Presence of parasites and worker abnormalities
R1: Analamanga (H.P.) / D1: Manjakandriana / 9 (89) / MT / 100 / Gm / Aa / At / DW
D2: Anjozorobe / 1 (9) / MT / 100 / Gm / Aa / At / DW
D3: Antananarivo A / 1 (5) / M (?) / 100* / Gm
D4: Ambohidratrimo / 2 (30) / M (?) / 100* / Gm / DW
D5: Andramasina / 2 (10) / M (?) / 100 / Gm
D6: Antananarivo R / 1 (2) / MT / 100* / Gm
R2: Vakinakaratra (H.P.) / D7: Antsirabe / 1 (9) / MT / 0 / Gm
D8: Ambatolampy / 5 (39) / M / 40 / Gm
D9: Betafo / 1 (9) / M / 0 / Gm
R3: Bongolava (H.P.) / D10: Tsiroanomandidy / 2 (6) / M / 0 / Gm
R4: Itasy (H.P.) / D11: Soavinandriana I. / 4 (33) / M / 0 / Gm
R5: Vatovavy F. (H.P.) / D12: Manakara / 11 (13) / M / 0 / Gm
R6: Amoron’I M. (H.P.) / D13: Ambositra / 1 (14) / M / 0 / Gm / At
R7: DI.A.N.A. (N.W.) / D14: Diego S. / 8 (31) / M / 0 / Gm
D15: Ambilobe / 5 (10) / F / 0 / Gm
D16: Nosy be / 5 (7) / F / 0 / Gm
D17: Ambanja / 2 (8) / M / 0 / Gm
R8: S.A.V.A. (N.E.) / D18: Sambava / 6 (68) / M / 0 / Gm
D19: Antalaha / 7 (18) / M / 0 / Gm
R9: Boeny (W) / D20: Majunga / 2 (25) / M / 0 / Gm
D21: Ambato B. / 2 (15) / F / 0 / Gm
R10: Sofia (W.N.) / D22: Befandriana N. / 6 (11) / M / 0 / Gm
R11: Analanjirofo (E) / D23: Soanierano I. / 1 (19) / 11M/8F / 0 / Gm
D24: Fenerive E. / 3 (27) / M / 100 / Gm / At
R12: Antsinanana (E) / D25: Tamatave II / 2 (4) / M / 100* / Gm
D26: Tamatave I / 1 (4) / MT / 0 / Gm
R13: Anosy (S. E.) / D27: Taolagaro / 10 (104) / M / 0 / Gm
R14: Androy (S. E.) / D28: Ambovombe A. / 3 (16) / M / 0 / Gm
R15: Atsimo Andrefana (S.W.) / D29: Tulear / 14 (54) / M / 0 / Gm
R16: Menabe (S.W.) / D30: Morondava / 1 (6) / M / 0 / Gm
Total / 119 (695)

*district already infested in 2010 (DSV)