1. Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage.
  • ______-underground, horizontal roots with that sprout new plants
  • ______- Sends out above ground roots to sprout a new plant
  • Primary growth increases a plant’s ______
  • Secondary growth increases a plant’s ______
  • Stem type can be ______or ______
  • Wood is a fibrous material made up of dead cells. Wood has high concentrations of lignin and cellulose. Woody stems are rigid
  • ______plants do not produce wood. And are ______
  1. Roots anchor plants and absorb mineral nutrients from soil.
  • ______covers the tip, ______is an area of growth
  • ______- only area of plant that will produce more cells by mitosis, the cells are undifferentiated at first. ______unspecialized tissue growing at the tips of roots, branches
  • ______root systems have fine branches. ______systems have one main root
  1. Most leaves share some similar structures
  • ______is between the leaf’s dermal tissue layers
  • There are two types of mesophyll cells. both types contain chloroplasts ______absorbs sunlight ______connects to stomata
  • ______surround each ______.Stomata open and close when guard cells change shape.When stomata are open, ______.Stomata close at night and when plant loses too much water.
  • ______one main vein with secondary veins branching from it
  • ______several main veins branching from a single point and then secondary veins branching from it
  1. KINGDOM PLANTAE
  • Plants are members of the kingdom Plantae whose cells are eukaryotic (have a nucleus), have a cell wall made of ______, and contains chloroplasts with pigments such as chlorophyll a and b that help the plant to carry out ______
  • Early Plantswere very similar to ______that we are familiar with. They were dependent on ______for reproduction, and only with the evolution of the ______were plants able to survive on dry land.
  • A ______allows resources to move to different parts of the plant.
  • Vascular tissue transports ______and ______.
  • ______transports water and minerals
  • ______transports photosynthetic products
  • Xylem contains specialized cells. ______are short and wide ______cells are long and narrow xylem cells die at ______
  • Phloem contains specialized cells. ______have holes at ends ______help sieve tube elements unlike xylem, phloem tissue is ______
  • The ______theory explains water movement
  • ______is the tendency of water molecules to bond with each other.______is the tendency of water molecules to bond with other substances.
  1. Mosses and their relatives are ______plants.
  • Nonvascular plants grow close to the ground to absorb water and nutrients. ______s plants rely on ______for reproduction. Produce ______
  • Liverworts belong to phylum ______often grow on wet rocks or in greenhousescan be thallose or leafy
  • Mosses belong to phylum ______
  1. Club mosses and ferns are seedless vascular plants.
  • A ______allows club mosses and ferns to grow higher off the ground.Both need free-standing water for reproduction. Club mosses belong to phylum ______: fern spore-producing organ
  1. Seed plants include ______plants and flowering plants.
  • Seed plants have several advantages over their seedless ancestors. can reproduce______free-standing water, via ______. Pollination occurs when pollen meets female plant parts
  • ______nourish and protect plant embryoseeds allow plants to disperse to new places
  • ______do not have seeds enclosed in fruit.most gymnosperms are cone-bearing and ______the ______is reproductive structure of most ______
  • ______is produced in male cones. ______are produced in female cones. ______develop on scales of female cones.
  1. The largest phylum in the plant kingdom is the flowering plants.
  • ______have seeds enclosed in some type of ______. A ______is the reproductive structure of angiosperms. A fruit is a ______of a flower. Angiosperms, or flowering plants, belong in phylum ______
  • ______allow for efficient pollination. Animals feed on pollen or nectar pollen is spread from plant to plant in process
  • A ______is an embryonic “seed leaf.”
  • ______have a single seed leaf. leaf veins usually ______flower parts usually in multiples of ______bundles of vascular tissue ______in stem
  • ______have two seed leaves. leaf veins usually ______flower parts usually in multiples of ______bundles of vascular tissue in______in stemots have two seed leaves
  1. There are three types of plant life spans.
  • ______mature from seed, flower, and die in one year______take two years to compete life cycle______live more than two years
  1. ______allows for efficient seed dispersal. Fruit is flower’s ripened ovary. Surrounds and protects seed(s) Many forms, each function in ______
  2. Flowers contain reproductive organs protected by specialized leaves.
  • ______are modified leaves. ______are outermostlayer that protects
    developing flower ______can help to attract animal pollinators
  • A ______is the ______structure of the flower. ______produces pollen grains ______supports the anther
  • The innermost layer of a flower is the ______. ______is sticky tip
  • ______is tube leading from stigma to______ovary produces female ______
  1. Flowering plants can be pollinated by ______
  • Flowering plants pollinated when pollen grains land on ______. ______pollinated flowers have ______flowers and large amounts of pollen.______pollinated flowers have ______flowers and less pollen
  • Fertilization takes place within the flower. Male gametophytes, or pollen grains, are produced in the ______. male spores produced in ______by meiosis each spore divides by mitosis to form two ______cells two cells form a single ______
  • One female gametophyte can form in each ______of a flower’s ovary. ______female spores produced in ovule by meiosis one spore develops into female gametophyte female gametophyte contains ______cells one cell has two nuclei, or polar nuclei one cell will develop into an egg
  • ______grains allow for reproduction without ______
  1. Seeds begin to grow when environmental conditions are favorable.
  • ______may end when conditions are favorable. While dormant, embryo can withstand extreme conditions.
  • ______begins the growth of an embryo into a seedling. ______causes seed to swell and crack coat, embryonic root, ______, is first to emerge water activates ______that help send sugars to embryo. embryonic shoot, ______, emerges nextleaves emerge last
  1. Plant life cycles alternate between producing spores and gametes. A two-phase life cycle is called ______haploid phase and diploid phase and alternates between the two
  • The spore-producing plant is the mature ______sporophyte phase is______begins with ______spores produced through ______
  • The gamete-producing plant is the mature______. gametophyte phase is ______begins with spore gametes produced through ______
  • Nonvascular plants have a dominant ______phase. moss ______look like green carpet moss ______shoot up as stalklike structures
  • The ______is the dominant phase for ______.
  • Fern spores form in sacs, ______, on underside of mature sporophytes (fronds).
  1. Plant hormones guide plant growth and development.
  • ______are chemical messengers. Produced in one part of an organism stimulates or suppresses activity in another part
  • ______are plant hormones that produce dramatic ______. ending seed dormancy rapid growth of young seedlings rapid growth of some flower stalks
  • ______causes the ripening of fruits. some fruits picked before they are ripe sprayed with ethylene to ______when reach destination
  • ______lengthen plant cells in the growing tip. stimulates growth of primary stem controls some forms of tropism
  1. A ______is the movement of plant in response to an environmental stimulus
  • ______is the tendency of a plant to grow toward light.
  • ______is a plant’s response to Earth’s gravitational pull.
  • ______is a plant’s response to touchlike stimuli