Appendix 1: Included Studies for Resuscitation Simulation Training Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Study / (#) Participants / Design / Topic / Comparison / Instruction variable / Blinded / Follow-up / OutcomeBanasik Z (1976)(1) / (57)
MD,O / Pretest-Posttest / CPR / No Intervention / SPd
Herrin TJ (1980)(2) / (377)
MS,RN / Non-randomized / CPR
ACLS / Sim-Sim / Y / Y / K
Papadopoulos DA (1981)(3) / (15)
PG / Pretest-Posttest / CPR / No Intervention / CV,D,E,FB / Y / Y / K
Gass DA (1983)(4) / (47)
MD,RN / Pretest-Posttest / CPR / No Intervention / CV / Y / K,SPc
Marchette L (1985)(5) / (76) PG,RN,EMT,O / Non-randomized / ACLS / No Intervention / D / Y / SPc
Mehne PR (1987)(6) / (39)
MS / Pretest-Posttest / ACLS
ATLS / No Intervention / CV,D / Y / Y / K
Ishibashi H (1990)(7) / (152)
D / Pretest-Posttest / CPR / No Intervention / Y / Y / SPc
Seraj MA (1990)(8) / (224)
MS,MD,EMT / Pretest-Posttest / CPR / No Intervention / Y / Y / K,SPc
Howard SK (1992)(9) / (26)
PG,MD / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / CV,D,FB / Y / Y / K
Thwaites BC (1992)(10) / (24)
MD / Pretest-Posttest / CPR / No Intervention / Y / SPc
Bhat BV (1993)(11) / (110)
MS / Non-randomized / ACLS / Sim-Sim / D / Y / Y / K
Chopra V (1994)(12) / (28)
PG,MD / Randomized / RR / No Intervention / ST,SPc
Jansen JJ (1997)(13) / (71)
MD / Randomized / CPR / No Intervention / CV / Y / Y / SPc
Noordergraaf GJ (1997)(14) / (165)
MS / Non-randomized / CPR / Sim-Sim / FB / Y / Y / SPc,SPd
Ali J (1998)(15) / (28)
EMT / Non-randomized / ATLS / No Intervention / D / Y / Y / K,SPc
Ali J (1998)(16) / (88)
MS / Non-randomized / ATLS / No Intervention
Sim-Sim / FB / SPc
Christenson J (1998)(17) / (113)
MS / Non-randomized / ACLS / Sim-Sim / CV,D,FB / Y / Y / K,SPc
Kaczorowski J (1998)(18) / (59)
PG / Randomized / ACLS / No Intervention
Sim-Sim / Y / Y / K,SPc
Kurrek MM (1998)(19) / (89)
PG,MD / Non-randomized / ACLS / No Intervention / CV / Y / SPc
Todd KH (1998)(20) / (91)
MS / Randomized / CPR / Sim-Sim / Y / Y / K,SPc
Ali J (1999)(21) / (32)
PG / Randomized / ATLS / Sim-Sim / Y / Y / R,K,SPc
Sica GT (1999)(22) / (24)
PG / Non-randomized / RR / No Intervention / E / Y / Y / SPc
Ali J (2000)(23) / (32)
PG / Randomized / ATLS / No Intervention / CV,D / Y / Y / SPc
Davies N (2000)(24) / (20)
RN / Randomized / CPR / No Intervention / Y / Y / SPc
Euliano TY (2000)(25) / (78)
MS / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / CV / Y / K
Gilbart MK (2000)(26) / (139)
MS / Randomized / RR / No Intervention
Other Instruction / CV,FB / Y / R,SPc
Graham CA (2000)(27) / (75)
D / Pretest-Posttest / CPR / No Intervention / CV / Y / SPc
Nadel FM (2000)(28) / (57)
PG / Non-randomized / ACLS / No Intervention / CV,FB / Y / Y / K,SPc
Spaite DW (2000)(29) / (52)
EMT / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / SPc
Marshall RL (2001)(30) / (12)
PG / Pretest-Posttest / ATLS / No Intervention / D / Y / SPc
Treloar D (2001)(31) / (18)
MD,EMT / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / CV,FB / SPc
Wik L (2001)(32) / (24)
EMT / Randomized / CPR / No Intervention / Y / SPc
Block EF (2002)(33) / (14)
O / Non-randomized / ATLS / Sim-Sim / Y / R
Byrne AJ (2002)(34) / (32)
PG / Randomized / RR / Sim-Sim / CV / Y / ST,SPc
Hammond J (2002)(35) / (8)
PG / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / Y / SPc
Holcomb JB (2002)(36) / (30)
MD,RN,EMT / Pretest-Posttest / ATLS / No Intervention / D / ST,SPc
Johanson R (2002)(37) / (8)
MD / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / CV,D / Y / K
Mattei LC (2002)(38) / (15)
RN,O / Pretest-Posttest / CPR / No Intervention / Y / ST,SPc
Morgan PJ (2002)(39) / (144)
MS / Randomized / RR / Other Instruction / Y / Y / R,K,SPc
Bruce S (2003)(40) / (10)
MD,RN,EMT / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / CV,D,E,FB / Y / Y / ST
Lee SK (2003)(41) / (60)
PG / Randomized / ATLS / Sim-Sim / Y / SPc
von Lubitz DKJE (2003)(42) / (20)
O / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / CV,D / SPc
Boonmak P (2004)(43) / (30)
RN / Pretest-Posttest / ACLS / No Intervention / Y / K,SPc
Curran VR (2004)(44) / (60)
MS / Randomized / ACLS / Other Instruction / Y / K,SPc
Mugford B (2004)(45) / (9)
PG / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / D,FB / SPc
St. Pierre M (2004)(46) / (34)
MD / Randomized / RR / Sim-Sim / Y / R,SPc
Cimrin AH (2005)(47) / (30)
PG / Pretest-Posttest / CPR / No Intervention / Y / SPc
DeVita MA (2005)(48) / (138)
PG,MD,RN,O / Pretest-Posttest / ACLS / No Intervention / CV,FB / SPc,SPd
Gaarder C (2005)(49) / (144)
MD / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / CV,E / Y / SPc
Kiesslich R (2005)(50) / (100)
MD / Non-randomized / RR / Sim-Sim / FB / Y / Y / R
Mabry RL (2005)(51) / (83)
EMT / Non-randomized / RR / Other Instruction / Y / ST,SPd
Monsieurs KG (2005)(52) / (152)
RN / Randomized / CPR / Sim-Sim / FB / Y / Y / SPc
Mueller MP (2005)(53) / (234)
MS / Randomized / RR / Other Instruction / CV / Y / R
Stevens SM (2005)(54) / (48)
MS / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / Y / K
Wayne DB (2005)(55) / (38)
PG / Randomized / ACLS / No Intervention / CV,D / Y / Y / SPc
Yee B (2005)(56) / (20)
PG / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / CV,D,FB / Y / Y / SPc
Anderson JM (2006)(57) / (9)
RN / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / CV,FB / Y / Y / ST,SPc
De Regge M (2006)(58) / (39)
RN / Pretest-Posttest / CPR / No Intervention / SPc
Dunning J (2006)(59) / (24)
PG,MD,RN / Pretest-Posttest / ACLS / No Intervention / CV,D / Y / Y / ST,SPd
Gordon JA (2006)(60) / (38)
MS / Randomized / RR / Other Instruction / Y / K
Gordon JA (2006)(61) / (85)
MS / Non-randomized / RR / No Intervention / FB / Y / K
MacDowall J (2006)(62) / (23)
MS / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / CV,D,FB / Y / SPc
Madden C (2006)(63) / (18)
RN / Pretest-Posttest / CPR / No Intervention / Y / Y / K,SPc
Makinen M (2006)(64) / (56)
RN / Randomized / CPR / No Intervention
Other Instruction / Y / Y / SPc
Miller GT (2006)(65) / (497)
MD,RN,EMT,O / Pretest-Posttest / MC / No Intervention / CV,D,FB / Y / Y / K,SPc
Morgan PJ (2006)(66) / (299)
MS / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / CV,FB / Y / K,SPc
Owen H (2006)(67) / (64)
PG / Randomized / RR / Sim-Sim / CV / Y / Y / SPc
Savoldelli GL (2006)(68) / (42)
PG / Randomized / RR / Sim-Sim / FB / Y / Y / SPc
Scott JA (2006)(69) / (24)
MD,RN,EMT / Pretest-Posttest / MC / No Intervention / CV,D,FB / Y / SPc
Ti L-K (2006)(70) / (54)
MS / Non-randomized / RR / Sim-Sim / Y / Y / SPc
Toback SL (2006)(71) / (97)
MD,RN,O / Pretest-Posttest / ACLS / No Intervention / E / SPc
Tsai T-C (2006)(72) / (18)
PG / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / CV,FB / Y / SPc
Wayne DB (2006)(73) / (41)
PG / Pretest-Posttest / ACLS / No Intervention / CV,D,FB / Y / SPc
Wright SW (2006)(74) / (7)
PG / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / E / Y / SPc
Cherry RA (2007)(75) / (44)
PG / Randomized / ATLS / Sim-Sim / CV / Y / Y / K,SPc
Crofts JF (2007)(76) / (140)
PG,MD,O / Randomized / RR / Sim-Sim / FB / Y / Y / K
Farah R (2007)(77) / (50)
O / Pretest-Posttest / CPR / No Intervention / SPc
Gilfoyle E (2007)(78) / (15)
PG / Pretest-Posttest / ACLS / No Intervention / SPc
Hoffmann RL (2007)(79) / (29)
RN / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / CV,D / Y / Y / K
Hunt EA (2007)(80) / (18)
O / Pretest-Posttest / ACLS
ATLS / No Intervention / E / Y / SPc
Iglesias-Vazquez JA (2007)(81) / (250)
MD,RN / Randomized / ACLS / Sim-Sim / CV,D / SPc
Jankouskas T (2007)(82) / (40)
PG,RN / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / CV / Y / SPc
Shukla A (2007)(83) / (240)
MS / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / Y / SPc
Sohn VY (2007)(84) / (164)
EMT / Pretest-Posttest / MC / No Intervention / CV,D,E / Y / K
Sohn VY (2007)(85) / (60)
MD / Pretest-Posttest / MC / No Intervention / CV,D,E / Y / Y / K
Spooner BB (2007)(86) / (100)
O / Randomized / CPR / Sim-Sim / FB / Y / Y / SPc,SPd
Thomas EJ (2007)(87) / (40)
PG / Randomized / ACLS / Sim-Sim / Y / Y / SPc
Wallin C-J (2007)(88) / (15)
MS / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / CV,D,FB / Y / SPc
Bergman S (2008)(89) / (20)
MD,RN / Pretest-Posttest / ATLS / No Intervention / D / Y / Y / K
Burlacu CL (2008)(90) / (68)
MD / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / CV / Y / SPc
Cooke JM (2008)(91) / (36)
PG / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / CV,D / Y / SPc
Crofts JF (2008)(92) / (140)
MD,O / Randomized / RR / Sim-Sim / CV,FB / Y / SPc
De Regge M (2008)(93) / (120)
RN / Randomized / CPR / Sim-Sim / FB / Y / Y / SPc
Dine CJ (2008)(94) / (80)
RN / Randomized / CPR / Sim-Sim / Y / Y / K,SPc
Duran R (2008)(95) / (42)
PG / Pretest-Posttest / ACLS / No Intervention / D / Y / Y / K,ST,SPd
Ellis D (2008)(96) / (140)
MD,O / Randomized / RR / Sim-Sim / Y / Y / ST
Falcone RA, Jr. (2008)(97) / (160)
PG,MD,RN,O, EMT / Pretest-Posttest / ATLS / No Intervention / CV,D,FB / Y / SPc
Gillett B (2008)(98) / (78)
PG,MD,RN,O / Non-randomized / MC / Other Instruction / CV / Y / SPc
Isbye DL (2008)(99) / (43)
MS / Randomized / CPR / Sim-Sim / Y / Y / SPc
Johnson KB (2008)(100) / (22)
PG / Randomized / RR / Sim-Sim / CV,D,FB / Y / Y / K,SPc,SPd
Knudson MM (2008)(101) / (18)
PG / Randomized / RR / Other Instruction / CV,D / Y / K,SPc
LeFlore JL (2008)(102) / (72)
RN,EMT,O / Non-randomized / RR / Sim-Sim / Y / Y / R,SPc
Miotto HC (2008)(103) / (435)
MD,RN,O / Randomized / ACLS / Sim-Sim / CV / Y / K
Noeller TP (2008)(104) / (38)
PG / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / CV,D,FB / K
Smith KK (2008)(105) / (104)
RN / Pretest-Posttest / ACLS / No Intervention / CV / SPc
Summerhill EM (2008)(106) / (60)
PG / Non-randomized / MC / No Intervention / CV / Y / K
Tokunaga J (2008)(107) / (43)
O / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / Y / K
Utsi R (2008)(108) / (119)
MD,RN,EMT / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / CV / Y / K
Vincent DS (2008)(109) / (24)
MS / Pretest-Posttest / MC / No Intervention / CV / Y / R,ST,SPc
Wang XP (2008)(110) / (42)
MS / Randomized / CPR / Sim-Sim / CV / Y / Y / SPc
Wayne DB (2008)(111) / (78)
PG / Non-randomized / ACLS / No Intervention / CV / Y / BP,P
Youngblood P (2008)(112) / (30)
MS,PG / Randomized / RR / Other Instruction / CV / Y / R,SPc
de Vries W (2008)(113) / (30)
RN / Randomized / CPR / Sim-Sim / SPc
Ackermann AD (2009)(114) / (67)
RN / Randomized / CPR / No Intervention / CV / Y / K,SPc
Adler MD (2009)(115) / (81)
PG / Randomized / RR / No Intervention / CV,FB / Y / Y / SPc
Ali J (2009)(116) / (70)
MS / Randomized / RR / No Intervention,Other Instruction / Y / Y / R,K,SPc
Antonoff MB (2009)(117) / (20)
PG / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / CV,FB / Y / K
Bjorshol CA (2009)(118) / (1333)
O / Pretest-Posttest / CPR / No Intervention / D / Y / SPc
Brautigam RT (2009)(119) / (97)
MS,PG,RN,RN / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / CV,D / Y / K,SPc
Bruce SA (2009)(120) / (118)
RN / Pretest-Posttest / CPR / No Intervention / FB / Y / K,SPc
Campbell DM (2009)(121) / (15)
PG / Randomized / ACLS / Sim-Sim / CV / Y / Y / R,K,ST
Cavaleiro AP (2009)(122) / (55)
MS / Randomized / ACLS / No Intervention / Y / Y / K
Donoghue AJ (2009)(123) / (51)
PG / Randomized / ACLS / Sim-Sim / CV / Y / SPc
Gordon CJ (2009)(124) / (50)
RN / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / CV,D,FB / Y / SPc
Hoadley TA (2009)(125) / (53)
MD,RN,EMT,O / Randomized / ACLS / Sim-Sim / CV,D,FB / R,K,SPc
Jabir MM (2009)(126) / (28)
PG / Pretest-Posttest / ACLS / No Intervention / CV,D / Y / K
Leighton K (2009)(127) / (30)
RN / Pretest-Posttest / CPR / No Intervention / FB / Y / SPc
Mah JW (2009)(128) / (74)
PG,MD,RN
EMT / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / FB / K
Nguyen HB (2009)(129) / (63)
MS / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / Y / K
Nunnink L (2009)(130) / (51)
PG,MD,RN / Non-randomized / RR / Other Instruction / Y / Y / K,SPc
Rodgers DL (2009)(131) / (37)
RN / Non-randomized / ACLS / Sim-Sim / CV,D,FB / Y / Y / K,SPc
Sittner BJ (2009)(132) / (17)
RN / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / FB / Y / K
Sudikoff SN (2009)(133) / (16)
PG / Randomized / RR / No Intervention / CV / Y / Y / SPc
Szafranski C (2009)(134) / (14)
PG / Non-randomized / RR / Sim-Sim / Y / ST,SPc
Ten Eyck RP (2009)(135) / (91)
MS / Randomized / RR / Other Instruction / CV,FB / Y / K
Tubbs RJ (2009)(136) / (13)
PG / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / Y / Y / K
Vincent DS (2009)(137) / (21)
MS / Pretest-Posttest / MC / No Intervention / CV / Y / ST,SPc
Wang T-L (2009)(138) / (20)
PG / Randomized / RR / No Intervention / CV,FB / SPc
Welke TM (2009)(139) / (30)
PG / Randomized / RR / Sim-Sim / FB / Y / Y / SPc
Andreatta P (2010)(140) / (228)
PG / Pretest-Posttest / CPR / No Intervention / CV,D / P
Angeles Baeza MA (2010)(141) / (6)
PG / Randomized / RR / No Intervention / D / Y / SPc
Bonnetain E (2010)(142) / (28)
MS / Randomized / CPR / Other Instruction / CV,D / Y / ST,SPc
Capella J (2010)(143) / (114)
PG,MD,RN / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / CV / BT,BP,P
DeMaria Jr S (2010)(144) / (25)
MS / Randomized / CPR / Sim-Sim / Y / K,SPc
Delasobera BE (2010)(145) / (117)
EMT / Non-randomized / ACLS / Other Instruction / CV,FB / Y / Y / K,SPc
Donoghue AJ (2010)(146) / (51)
PG / Randomized / ACLS / Sim-Sim / CV,FB / Y / R
Goddet NS (2010)(147) / (61)
EMT,O / Pretest-Posttest / ACLS / No Intervention / Y / K
Halm BM (2010)(148) / (59)
MS / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / Y / Y / K,SPc
Healey A (2010)(149) / (28)
PG / Pretest-Posttest / ACLS / No Intervention / CV,D / Y / SPc
Hunziker S (2010)(150) / (237)
MS / Randomized / CPR / Sim-Sim / Y / Y / ST,SPc
Kane J (2010)(151) / (65)
RN / Pretest-Posttest / CPR
ACLS / No Intervention / CV,FB / Y / SPc
Kardong-Edgren SE (2010)(152) / (604)
RN / Non-randomized / CPR / Sim-Sim / CV / Y / SPc
Kopacek KB (2010)(153) / (103)
O / Pretest-Posttest / CPR / No Intervention / Y / K,ST,SPc,
SPd
Kromann CB (2010)(154) / (112)
MS / Randomized / CPR / Sim-Sim / CV / Y / Y / SPc
Lee CC (2010)(155) / (30)
EMT / Randomized / ACLS / Sim-Sim / CV,D,FB / Y / Y / ST,SPc
Liaw SY (2010)(156) / (33)
RN / Non-randomized / RR / Other Instruction / FB / Y / Y / SPc
Mellor R (2010)(157) / (34)
MS,RN,O / Pretest-Posttest / CPR / No Intervention / Y / SPc
Musacchio MJ, Jr (2010)(158) / (29)
MS,PG / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / CV / K
Oermann MH (2010)(159) / (603)
RN / Randomized / CPR / Sim-Sim / Y / SPc
Park CS (2010)(160) / (21)
PG / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / CV,D,FB / Y / Y / SPc
Pereira BMT (2010)(161) / (178)
O / Pretest-Posttest / MC / No Intervention / CV,D,FB / Y / SPc
Perkins GD (2010)(162) / (571)
MD,RN,O / Randomized / ACLS / Sim-Sim / FB / Y / Y / K,SPc
Preusch MR (2010)(163) / (24)
RN / Pretest-Posttest / CPR / No Intervention / CV,FB / Y / Y / SPc
Rehn M (2010)(164) / (93)
O / Pretest-Posttest / MC / No Intervention / CV,D / Y / ST,SPd
Rubiano AM (2010)(165) / (374)
RN / Pretest-Posttest / MC / No Intervention / CV,D / Y / K,SPc
Ruesseler M (2010)(166) / (45)
MS / Non-randomized / CPR / Other Instruction / CV,D / Y / Y / SPc
Scavone BM (2010)(167) / (32)
PG / Randomized / RR / Sim-Sim / Y / R,ST,SPc
Schilleman K (2010)(168) / (70)
PG,MD,RN / Pretest-Posttest / ACLS / No Intervention / Y / Y / SPc
Scott LA (2010)(169) / (68)
MS / Pretest-Posttest / MC / No Intervention / CV,E / Y / K
Ten Eyck RP (2010)(170) / (83)
MS / Randomized / RR / Other Instruction / CV,D / Y / Y / ST,SPc
Thomas EJ (2010)(171) / (100)
PG / Randomized / ACLS / Sim-Sim / CV,FB / Y / Y / ST,SPc
Tofil NM (2010)(172) / (30)
PG,O / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / CV / Y / Y / K
Weidman EK (2010)(173) / (30)
PG / Randomized / CPR / No Intervention / CV,FB / Y / Y / BP,P
Yang LY (2010)(174) / (80)
MS / Randomized / RR / Other Instruction / Y / Y / K
Auerbach M (2011)(175) / (151)
PG / Non-randomized / ACLS / Sim-Sim / FB / Y / R
Guhde J (2011)(176) / (134)
RN / Non-randomized / RR / Sim-Sim / CV,D,FB / Y / R
Lewis R (2011)(177) / (88)
MS,RN / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / SPc
McCoy CE (2011)(178) / (28)
MS / Randomized / RR / Other Instruction / Y / SPc
Oermann MH (2011)(179) / (606)
RN / Randomized / CPR / Sim-Sim / D / Y / Y / SPc
Petscavage JM (2011)(180) / (44)
PG / Randomized / RR / Other Instruction / CV / R,K
Sutton RM (2011)(181) / (69)
PG,RN / Randomized / CPR / Sim-Sim / FB / Y / SPc
Tokunaga J (2011)(182) / (50)
O / Pretest-Posttest / RR / No Intervention / D / Y / K
Abbreviations:
(#) Participants: (number studied); MS = medical student; PG = postgraduate physician trainee (resident); MD = practicing physician; EMT = Emergency Medical Technician; RN = Nurse (at any level);O = other health professional.
Design: Pretest-posttest = 1 group pre-post study; non-randomized = non-randomized 2-group study; RCT = randomized 2-group study.
Topic : ACLS = Advanced Cardiac Life Support; ATLS = Advanced Trauma Life Support; CPR = (Basic) Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; RR = Rapid Response; MC = Mass Casualty;
Comparison: Other = other (non-simulation) education; Sim-Sim = simulation-simulation comparison.
Instructional features: CV = clinical variation present; D = distributed over >1 day; FB = feedback high; E = environmental factors added.
Blinded: blinded assessment of highest-level outcome
Follow-up: High = ≥75% follow-up for any outcome
Outcomes reported: R = Reaction (satisfaction), K = knowledge, ST = time skill, SPc = process skill, SPd = product skill; BT = time behavior, BP = process behavior, P = patient effects.
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