Appendix A
Table S1
Local species pool (i.e. all species found in and near the sampled drain) and all adult beetles includedin this study. Symbols: T = species with terrestrial adults. AT = activity traps (2004–2006); BT = box trap (2004); HN = handnet samples (2006); LT = light trap (2004–2006);asterisk= species found only by LT in 2002 and 2003, with a flight intercept trap before 1999, or by individual collecting in the study area in 2004–2006. Species codes refer to Fig.4 in the main text.
Species / T / Adults / CodeAT / BT / HN / LT
Gyrinidae
Gyrinus substriatus Stephens, 1828 / - / - / - / 1
Haliplidae
*Haliplus heydeni Wehncke, 1875 / - / - / - / -
Haliplus ruficollis (De Geer, 1774) / 2 / - / - / -
Noteridae
Noterus crassicornis (O. F. Müller, 1776) / 5 / 1 / 2 / -
Dytiscidae
Acilius canaliculatus (Nicolai, 1822) / 6806 / 15 / 42 / - / ACILcana
Acilius sulcatus (Linné, 1758) / 116 / - / - / - / ACILsulc
Agabus affinis (Paykull, 1798) / 73 / - / - / - / AGABaffi
Agabus bipustulatus (Linné, 1767) / 363 / 5 / - / - / AGABbipu
Agabus congener (Thunberg, 1794) / 1050 / 2 / 1 / - / AGABcong
Agabus sturmi (Gyllenhål, 1808) / 172 / 2 / - / - / AGABstur
Agabus uliginosus (Linné, 1761) / 385 / 3 / - / - / AGABulig
Agabus undulatus (Schrank, 1776) / 16 / - / - / - / AGABundu
Agabus unguicularis (Thomson, 1867) / 280 / - / 1 / - / AGABungu
Colymbetes fuscus (Linné, 1758) / 398 / - / 2 / - / COLYfusc
Dytiscus cimcumcinctus Ahrens, 1811 / 222 / - / 1 / - / DYTIcirc
Dytiscus marginalis Linné, 1758 / 544 / - / - / 5 / DYTImarg
Graphoderus cinereus (Linné, 1758) / 18 / - / - / - / GRAPcine
*Graptodytes granularis (Linné, 1767) / - / - / - / -
Graptodytes pictus (Fabricius, 1787) / 4 / 3 / - / 2
Hydaticus continentalis Balfour-Browne, 1944 / 4 / - / - / -
Hydaticus seminiger (De Geer, 1774) / 4352 / 3 / 20 / - / HYDAsemi
Hydaticus transversalis (Pontoppidan, 1763) / 1 / - / - / -
Hydroglyphus geminus (Fabricius, 1792) / 1 / - / - / 5
Hydroporus angustatus Sturm, 1835 / 121 / 37 / 2 / 178 / HYPOangu
Hydroporus erythrocephalus (Linné, 1758) / 82 / 5 / - / 1 / HYPOeryt
Hydroporus incognitus Sharp, 1869 / 91 / 18 / 7 / 32 / HYPOinco
Hydroporus melanarius Sturm, 1835 / 14 / 7 / - / - / HYPOmela
Hydroporus memnonius Nicolai, 1822 / 86 / 64 / 16 / 1 / HYPOmemn
Hydroporus neglectus Schaum, 1845 / 198 / 174 / 24 / 120 / HYPOnegl
*Hydroporus nigrita (Fabricius, 1792) / - / - / - / -
Hydroporus palustris (Linné, 1761) / 99 / 6 / 6 / 6 / HYPOpalu
Hydroporus planus (Fabricius, 1781) / 14 / 1 / 1 / - / HYPOplan
Hydroporus rufifrons (Duftschmid, 1805) / 1 / - / - / -
Hydroprorus scalesianus Stephens, 1828 / 2 / 1 / - / -
Hydroporus striola Gyllenhål, 1827 / 230 / 27 / 4 / 19 / HYPOstri
Hydroporus tristis (Paykull, 1798) / 5 / 4 / - / 1
Hydroporus umbrosus (Gyllenhål, 1808) / 6 / - / - / -
*Hydrovatus cuspidatus (Kunze, 1818) / - / - / - / -
Hygrotus decoratus (Gyllenhål, 1810) / 215 / 78 / 24 / 11 / HYGRdeco
Hygrotus impressopunctatus (Schaller, 1783) / 8 / 1 / - / 10 / HYGRimpr
Hygrotus inequalis (Fabricius, 1777) / 3 / - / - / 1
Hyphydrus ovatus (Linné, 1761) / 103 / - / - / - / HYPHovat
Ilybius ater (De Geer, 1774) / 1429 / 7 / 4 / 195 / ILYBater
Ilybius chalconatus (Panzer, 1796) / 4 / - / - / -
Ilybius fuliginosus (Fabricius, 1792) / 30 / 3 / 1 / 323 / ILYBfuli
Ilybius guttiger (Gyllenhål, 1808) / 1103 / 3 / 7 / 53 / ILYBgutt
Ilybius quadriguttatus (Boisduval et Lacordaire, 1835) / 5 / - / - / 1
Ilybius subaeneus Erichson, 1837 / 1 / - / - / 4
Ilybius subtilis (Erichson, 1837) / 2504 / 65 / 5 / 793 / ILYBsubt
*Ilybius wasastjernai (C. R. Sahlberg, 1824) / - / - / - / -
*Laccophilus hyalinus (De Geer, 1774) / - / - / - / -
Laccornis oblongus (Stephens, 1835) / 2 / - / - / -
Liopterus haemorrhoidalis (Fabricius, 1787) / 16 / 2 / - / 4 / LIOPhaem
Nartus grapi (Gyllenhål, 1808) / 7 / - / - / -
Rhantus exsoletus (Forster, 1771) / 71 / - / - / - / RHANexso
Rhantus frontalis (Marsham, 1802) / 1 / - / - / -
Rhantus suturalis (MacLeay, 1825) / 37 / - / 6 / 286 / RHANsutu
Suphrodytes dorsalis (Fabricius, 1787) / 267 / 10 / 6 / - / SUPHdors
Helophoridae
Helophorus aequalis Thomson, 1868 / - / 3 / 3 / -
Helophorus aquaticus (Linné, 1758) / 4 / 4 / - / -
*Helophorus flavipes Fabricius, 1792 / - / - / - / -
Helophorus granularis (Linné, 1761) / 2 / 4 / 2 / 1
Helophorus griseus Herbst, 1793 / - / - / 1 / 5
*Helophorus minutus Fabricius, 1775 / - / - / - / -
Helophorus obscurus Mulsant, 1844 / - / - / - / 1
*Helophorus strigifrons Thomson, 1868 / - / - / - / -
Hydrochidae
Hydrochus crenatus (Fabricius, 1792) / - / - / 1 / -
Hydrochus megaphallus Berge Henegouwen, 1988 / 7 / 40 / 8 / - / HYCHmega
Hydrophilidae
Anacaena limbata (Fabricius, 1792) / 16 / 37 / 4 / 25 / ANAClimb
Anacaena lutescens (Stephens, 1829) / 134 / 461 / 129 / 712 / ANAClute
Berosus frontifoveatus Kuwert, 1888 / - / - / - / 7
*Cercyon bifenestratus Küster, 1851 / - / - / - / -
Cercyon convexiusculus Stephens, 1829 / 11 / 34 / 6 / 36 / CERCconv
Cercyon laminatus Sharp, 1873 / T / - / - / - / 6
Cercyon lateralis (Marsham, 1802) / T / - / - / - / 13
Cercyon marinus Thomson, 1853 / - / - / - / 52 / CERCmari
Cercyon quisquilius (Linné, 1761) / T / - / - / - / 3
Cercyon sternalis Sharp, 1918 / 2 / 1 / - / -
Cercyon unipunctatus (Linné, 1758) / T / - / - / - / 4
Coelostoma orbiculare (Fabricius, 1775) / 1 / - / - / 3
Cryptopleurum minutum (Fabricius, 1775) / T / - / - / - / 1
*Cryptopleurum subtile Sharp, 1873 / - / - / - / -
Cymbiodyta marginella (Fabricius, 1792) / - / - / - / 36 / CYMBmarg
Enochrus coarctatus (Gredler, 1863) / 3 / 5 / - / 1674 / ENOCcoar
Enochrus quadripunctatus (Herbst, 1797) / - / - / 1 / 393 / ENOCquad
Enochrus testaceus (Fabricius, 1801) / - / - / - / 7
Helochares obscurus (O. F. Müller, 1776) / - / 1 / - / 1
Hydrobius fuscipes (Linné, 1758) / 225 / 75 / 67 / 12,786 / HYBIfusc
Hydrochara caraboides (Linné, 1758) / 1046 / 1 / 3 / 3 / HCHAcara
*Laccobius bipunctatus (Fabricius, 1775) / - / - / - / -
*Laccobius minutus (Linné, 1758) / - / - / - / -
*Laccobius striatulus (Fabricius, 1801) / - / - / - / -
*Megasternum concinnum (Marsham, 1802) / - / - / - / -
Hydraenidae
Hydraena britteni Joy, 1907 / - / 23 / - / - / HDRAbritt
*Hydraena melas Dalla Torre, 1877 / - / - / - / -
*Limnebius truncatellus (Thunberg, 1794) / - / - / - / -
*Limnebius crinifer Rey, 1885 / - / - / - / -
*Limnebius parvulus (Herbst, 1797) / - / - / - / -
Ochthebius alpinus (Ienistea, 1979) / - / 2 / - / -
*Ochthebius pusillus Stephens, 1835 / - / - / - / -
Scirtidae
Cyphon coarctatus Paykull, 1799 / T / - / - / - / 91
Cyphon laevipennis Tournier, 1868 / T / - / - / - / 6
Cyphon ochraceus Stephens, 1830 / T / - / - / - / 1151
Cyphon padi (Linné, 1758) / T / - / - / - / 568
Cyphon pubescens (Fabricius, 1792) / T / - / - / - / 12
Cyphon variabilis (Thunberg, 1787) / T / - / - / - / 857
Microcara testacea (Linné, 1767) / T / - / - / - / 115
Heteroceridae
Heterocerus fenestratus (Thunberg, 1784) / T / - / - / - / 33
Heterocerus fusculus Kiesenwetter, 1843 / T / - / - / - / 12
Total number of species / 62 / 41 / 32 / 53
Total number of specimens / 23,018 / 1238 / 407 / 20,666
Table S2
Larvae included in this study. Symbols as in Table S1. We treat taxa not identified to species level as distinct, single species (except two incomplete larvae of Agabus sp. that probably belong to one of the species on the list);only the larvae of Cyphon spp. most probably represent multiple species.
Species / T / Larvae / CodeAT / BT / HN
Dytiscidae
Acilius canaliculatus (Nicolai, 1822) / 629 / 3 / 28 / ACILcana
Acilius sulcatus (Linné, 1758) / 3 / - / 1 / ACILsulc
Agabus affinis (Paykull, 1798) / - / - / 1 / AGABaffi
Agabus bipustulatus (Linné, 1767) / 10 / 4 / - / AGABbipu
Agabus congener (Thunberg, 1794) / 25 / 1 / 10 / AGABcong
Agabus sp. / 2 / - / - / AGABsp
Agabus sturmi (Gyllenhål, 1808) / - / - / 1 / AGABstur
Agabus uliginosus (Linné, 1761) / 1 / 3 / 2 / AGABulig
Agabus undulatus (Schrank, 1776) / - / - / 1 / AGABundu
Agabus unguicularis (Thomson, 1867) / 2 / 4 / 3 / AGABungu
Colymbetes fuscus (Linné, 1758) / 5 / - / - / COLYfusc
Dytiscus cimcumcinctus Ahrens, 1811 / 141 / - / - / DYTIcirc
Dytiscus marginalis Linné, 1758 / 560 / - / - / DYTImarg
Hydaticus seminiger (De Geer, 1774) / 75 / - / 5 / HYDAsemi
Hydroporus incognitus Sharp, 1869 / 5 / 3 / 5 / HYPOinco
Hydroporus rufifrons (Duftschmid, 1805) / - / - / 1 / HYPOrufi
Hydroporus striola Gyllenhål, 1827 / - / - / 16 / HYPOstri
Hydroporus sp. / 1 / - / 4 / HYPOsp
Hygrotus decoratus (Gyllenhål, 1810) / - / - / 12 / HYGRdeco
Hyphydrus ovatus (Linné, 1761) / 5 / - / 1 / HYPHovat
Ilybius ater (De Geer, 1774) / 19 / - / 15 / ILYBater
Ilybius fuliginosus (Fabricius, 1792) / - / - / 5 / ILYBfuli
Ilybius guttiger (Gyllenhål, 1808) / 6 / - / 8 / ILYBgutt
Ilybius subtilis (Erichson, 1837) / 177 / 2 / 1 / ILYBsubt
Liopterus haemorrhoidalis (Fabricius, 1787) / 1 / - / - / LIOPhaem
Rhantus exsoletus (Forster, 1771) / - / - / 2 / RHANexso
Rhantus suturalis (MacLeay, 1825) / 1 / - / 2 / RHANsutu
Suphrodytes dorsalis (Fabricius, 1787) / 9 / 1 / 7 / SUPHdors
Hydrophilidae
Anacaena sp. / - / - / 2 / ANACsp
Enochrus sp. / - / 1 / - / ENOCsp
Hydrobius fuscipes (Linné, 1758) / 2 / 24 / 9 / HYBIfusc
Hydrochara caraboides (Linné, 1758) / 37 / - / - / HCHAcara
Sphaeridiinae gen. sp. / - / - / 11 / SPHAsp
Scirtidae
Cyphon spp. / T / 22 / 338 / 593 / CYPHsp
Microcara testacea (Linné, 1767) / T / 25 / 48 / 59 / MICRtest
Total number of species / 24 / 12 / 27
Total number of specimens / 1763 / 432 / 805
Appendix B
Table S3
Breakdown of time costs forprocessing adults with the four methods used in this study. Sorting = all manipulation with the sample between returning from the field and before identification;databasing =all activities after identification such as labelling and databasing specimens. Calculation of the time per individual required for travel and fieldwork takes into account that adult and larvae are taken with the same samples, but are split for sorting and databasing. Time required for identification is a weighted average reflecting different levels of difficulty. For simplicity, we assume that the identification of average individual is independent of the collecting method and we apply the same argument to the databasing of an average sample (except larvae in AT samples, which were much faster to database than others). More refined measures for these two activities have little impact on the overall results.Asterisk = the number of AT samples per trip differed between years (see the main text).
We have used the mean total time per individual weighed by the number of specimens collected by each method to obtain the mean total time per individual in the pooled data (1.43 minutes for adults and 3.20 minutes for larvae).
method / activity / unit / samplesper trip / time per unit (minutes) / time per individual (minutes)
min / max / mean / min / max / mean
AT / travel / trip (2x) / 18/36* / 60 / 120 / 90 / 0.09 / 0.17 / 0.13
fieldwork / sample / - / 3 / 7 / 5 / 0.27 / 0.64 / 0.46
sorting / sample / - / 2 / 3 / 2.5 / 0.16 / 0.24 / 0.20
databasing / sample / - / 2 / 10 / 6 / 0.20 / 0.98 / 0.59
identification / individual / - / 0.15 / 0.15 / 0.15 / 0.15 / 0.15 / 0.15
Total / 0.87 / 2.19 / 1.53
BT / travel / trip / 6 / 30 / 60 / 45 / 0.20 / 0.40 / 0.30
fieldwork / sample / - / 15 / 25 / 20 / 0.46 / 0.76 / 0.61
sorting / sample / - / 15 / 20 / 17.5 / 0.46 / 0.61 / 0.53
databasing / sample / - / 2 / 10 / 6 / 0.08 / 0.41 / 0. 25
identification / individual / - / 0.15 / 0.15 / 0.15 / 0.15 / 0.15 / 0.15
Total / 1.34 / 2.33 / 1.84
HN / travel / trip / 4 / 30 / 60 / 45 / 0.30 / 0.59 / 0.45
fieldwork / sample / - / 15 / 25 / 20 / 0.57 / 0.95 / 0.76
sorting / sample / - / 60 / 120 / 90 / 2.28 / 4.55 / 3.42
databasing / sample / - / 2 / 10 / 6 / 0.23 / 1.13 / 0.68
identification / individual / - / 0.15 / 0.15 / 0.15 / 0.15 / 0.15 / 0.15
Total / 3.57 / 7.48 / 5.52
LT / travel / trip / 1 / 30 / 60 / 45 / 0.44 / 0.87 / 0.66
fieldwork / sample / - / 5 / 10 / 7.5 / 0.07 / 0.15 / 0.11
sorting / sample / - / 5 / 30 / 17.5 / 0.07 / 0.44 / 0.25
databasing / sample / - / 2 / 10 / 6 / 0.03 / 0.15 / 0.09
identification / individual / - / 0.15 / 0.15 / 0.15 / 0.15 / 0.15 / 0.15
Total / 0.76 / 1.75 / 1.26
Table S4
Breakdown of the time costs for larvae. See caption of Table S3 for details.
method / activity / unit / samplesper trip / time per unit (minutes) / time per individual (minutes)
min / max / mean / min / max / mean
AT / travel / trip (2x) / 18/36* / 60 / 120 / 90 / 0.09 / 0.13 / 0.11
fieldwork / sample / - / 3 / 7 / 5 / 0.27 / 0.64 / 0.46
sorting / sample / - / 1 / 2 / 1.5 / 0.36 / 0.71 / 0.54
databasing / sample / - / 0.25 / 0.75 / 0.5 / 0.32 / 0.96 / 0.64
identification / individual / - / 0.62 / 0.62 / 0.62 / 0.62 / 0.62 / 0.62
Total / 1.66 / 3.07 / 2.36
BT / travel / trip / 6 / 30 / 60 / 45 / 0.22 / 0.43 / 0.32
fieldwork / sample / - / 15 / 25 / 20 / 0.46 / 0.76 / 0.61
sorting / sample / - / 15 / 20 / 17.5 / 0.46 / 0.61 / 0.53
databasing / sample / - / 1 / 4 / 2.5 / 0.12 / 0.47 / 0.30
identification / individual / - / 0.62 / 0.62 / 0.62 / 0.62 / 0.62 / 0.62
Total / 1.87 / 2.90 / 2.38
HN / travel / trip / 4 / 30 / 60 / 45 / 0.30 / 0.59 / 0.45
fieldwork / sample / - / 15 / 25 / 20 / 0.57 / 0.95 / 0.76
sorting / sample / - / 60 / 120 / 90 / 2.28 / 4.55 / 3.42
databasing / sample / - / 1 / 4 / 2.5 / 0.09 / 0.23 / 0.14
identification / individual / - / 0.62 / 0.62 / 0.62 / 0.62 / 0.62 / 0.62
Total / 3.82 / 6.95 / 5.38
1
Appendix C
Table S5
Summaryof the best protocols in the simulated rapid biodiversity assessment survey of adult water beetles, in which 40 h of total survey time are divided into ten sampling blocks of 4 h.Columns: Sobs = average number of species detected by the method; AT = hours devoted to activity traps, BT = hours devoted to box trap, HN = hours devoted to handnetting, LT = hours devoted to light trap. Only combinations within two species off the best combination are shown(boldface = combinations within one species off the best combination); the remaining protocols are omitted. Results for all protocols are summarized in Fig. 6 in the main text.
1
All species, including LT
Sobs / AT / BT / HN / LT51.0 / 12 / 12 / 0 / 16
50.9 / 16 / 12 / 0 / 12
50.8 / 16 / 8 / 0 / 16
50.7 / 12 / 16 / 0 / 12
50.6 / 20 / 8 / 0 / 12
12 / 8 / 0 / 20
8 / 16 / 0 / 16
50.5 / 8 / 12 / 0 / 20
50.3 / 8 / 8 / 0 / 24
50.2 / 12 / 8 / 4 / 16
50.1 / 12 / 4 / 0 / 24
8 / 20 / 0 / 12
16 / 12 / 4 / 8
16 / 16 / 0 / 8
20 / 12 / 0 / 8
50.0 / 12 / 12 / 4 / 12
12 / 20 / 0 / 8
16 / 4 / 0 / 20
49.8 / 20 / 4 / 0 / 16
49.7 / 16 / 8 / 4 / 12
8 / 12 / 4 / 16
49.6 / 8 / 8 / 4 / 20
49.5 / 8 / 16 / 4 / 12
4 / 16 / 0 / 20
16 / 4 / 4 / 16
49.2 / 12 / 4 / 4 / 20
12 / 16 / 4 / 8
24 / 8 / 0 / 8
24 / 4 / 0 / 12
49.1 / 8 / 24 / 0 / 24
4 / 20 / 0 / 16
All species, no LT
Sobs / AT / BT / HN / LT45.0 / 16 / 24 / 0 / 0
44.9 / 20 / 20 / 0 / 0
44.8 / 24 / 16 / 0 / 0
44.6 / 20 / 16 / 4 / 0
28 / 12 / 0 / 0
44.5 / 12 / 28 / 0 / 0
44.4 / 16 / 20 / 4 / 0
44.3 / 24 / 12 / 4 / 0
44.2 / 12 / 24 / 4 / 0
43.9 / 20 / 12 / 8 / 0
32 / 8 / 0 / 0
12 / 20 / 8 / 0
8 / 32 / 0 / 0
43.8 / 16 / 16 / 8 / 0
43.6 / 8 / 28 / 4 / 0
43.5 / 28 / 8 / 4 / 0
43.4 / 16 / 12 / 12 / 0
43.3 / 24 / 8 / 8 / 0
43.1 / 12 / 16 / 12 / 0
Aquatic species, including LT
Sobs / AT / BT / HN / LT45.6 / 16 / 20 / 0 / 4
45.5 / 12 / 20 / 0 / 8
16 / 16 / 0 / 8
45.4 / 20 / 16 / 0 / 4
45.3 / 16 / 12 / 0 / 12
24 / 12 / 0 / 4
12 / 24 / 0 / 4
45.1 / 20 / 12 / 0 / 8
45.0 / 16 / 24 / 0 / 0
16 / 16 / 4 / 4
16 / 12 / 4 / 8
12 / 16 / 0 / 12
44.9 / 12 / 12 / 0 / 16
44.8 / 20 / 20 / 0 / 0
20 / 8 / 0 / 12
12 / 16 / 4 / 8
44.7 / 28 / 12 / 0 / 0
24 / 16 / 0 / 0
24 / 8 / 0 / 8
20 / 12 / 4 / 4
8 / 24 / 0 / 8
44.6 / 12 / 28 / 0 / 0
12 / 20 / 4 / 4
16 / 20 / 4 / 0
44.5 / 8 / 20 / 0 / 12
44.4 / 20 / 16 / 4 / 0
28 / 8 / 0 / 4
24 / 12 / 4 / 0
16 / 12 / 8 / 4
12 / 12 / 4 / 12
12 / 24 / 4 / 0
44.3 / 8 / 24 / 4 / 4
8 / 28 / 0 / 4
20 / 8 / 4 / 8
44.2 / 12 / 16 / 8 / 4
16 / 8 / 0 / 16
16 / 16 / 8 / 0
24 / 8 / 4 / 4
44.1 / 8 / 20 / 4 / 8
44.0 / 8 / 16 / 0 / 16
12 / 8 / 0 / 20
28 / 4 / 0 / 8
43.9 / 12 / 12 / 8 / 8
16 / 8 / 4 / 12
24 / 4 / 0 / 12
43.8 / 32 / 8 / 0 / 0
16 / 8 / 8 / 8
8 / 16 / 4 / 12
43.7 / 12 / 20 / 8 / 0
20 / 4 / 0 / 16
32 / 8 / 0 / 0
43.6 / 20 / 12 / 8 / 0
Aquatic species,no LT
Sobs / AT / BT / HN / LT45.0 / 16 / 24 / 0 / 0
44.8 / 20 / 20 / 0 / 0
44.7 / 28 / 12 / 0 / 0
24 / 16 / 0 / 0
44.6 / 12 / 28 / 0 / 0
16 / 20 / 4 / 0
44.4 / 20 / 16 / 4 / 0
12 / 24 / 4 / 0
24 / 12 / 4 / 0
44.2 / 16 / 16 / 8 / 0
43.8 / 32 / 8 / 0 / 0
43.7 / 12 / 20 / 8 / 0
8 / 32 / 0 / 0
43.6 / 20 / 12 / 8 / 0
43.4 / 28 / 8 / 4 / 0
8 / 28 / 4 / 0
43.1 / 16 / 12 / 12 / 0
24 / 8 / 8 / 0
43.0 / 12 / 16 / 12 / 0
1