Social Structure
Social Structure
Network of interrelated ______and roles that guide human interaction
______- socially defined position in a group or in a society
Example: ______, basketball player, Latino
Role – behavior expected of someone occupying a certain ______
Ascribed vs. Achieved Statuses
______- assigned status based on qualities beyond a person’s control
Ex: gender, race
Achieved Status – status based on ______, ______, ______etc
Ex: basketball player, actor, good friend
Master Status
Status that plays the greatest role in a person’s life and determining their ______
Master status can change
Ex: high school = student adult = teacher
Roles
Each status has many roles associated with it
______- can’t perform role of husband if someone is not performing role
Role Expectations and Performance
Role Expectation = ______expected of performing a role
Role Performance = their actual role ______
Expectations may not match ______
Role Conflict and Role Strain
______- different roles attached to single status
Role Conflict – when fulfilling a role expectation of one ______makes it difficult to fulfill the
expectation of another ______
Ex: good parent = be at home vs. good employee = be at ______
______- occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the role expectations of a single status
Ex: do what is best for students while fulfilling duties from boss
Role Exit – process people go through to detach from a role that has been central to their ______
Ex: Retirees, ______
Social Institutions
______and their ______determine structure of various groups in society
Social Institutions – when statuses and roles are organized to satisfy basic ______
Ex: family, education, religion
Social Interaction
Exchange
Most common form of ______
Exchange = when people interact to receive a ______or return for their actions
______- do for me and I’ll do for you – is basis of exchange
Examples: payment, thank you
Exchange Theory
Belief that people are motivated by ______in their interactions with others
People do things for rewards
Competition and Conflict
Competition – occurs when two or more people ______each other to achieve a ______
Cornerstone of democracy and ______
Can lead to lack of cooperation, ______, and stress
Conflict – deliberate attempt to ______a person by force, oppose someone, or harm another
Conflict does not have rules for acceptable behavior like completion does
Cooperation
Occurs when two or more people work together to achieve a ______that will benefit more than one
Competition can go with cooperation to ______members
Accommodation
State of balance between ______and ______
Helps ensure social stability
Other forms: compromise, truce, ______, Arbitration - ______decides resolution
Types of Societies
Preindustrial
______is the main economic activity
4 subdivisions:
1) hunter/gatherer: constantly move around, collect plants, and hunt animals daily, small in number
______is main social unit
2) Pastoral: live ______, move herds to different pastures, larger in size because can
produce more so they have
- ______
- Produce goods for trade
- Government - ______
3) Horticultural – main food is ______and ______from gardens
- use human labor to cultivate; stay in one area longer
- when plot is barren they ______and may return later
- more settled life leads to more developed ______and ______systems
4) ______- animals used to plow fields
- can plant more; use ______and terracing
- ______populations; hereditary ______; build roads
- create armies; ______= exchange goods and services; system of writing
- 2 groups: landowners and ______
Industrial Societies
Emphasis on production of goods
Production increased due to ______
Reduces need for ______workers
Increase in urbanization (movement to the city) due to factories being located in the cities
Less ______jobs due to machines
Freedom to compete for social position
- Statuses are ______
Postindustrial Societies
______emphasis is on the provision of information and services
75% of workers in US are involved in information and services
Standard of living ______
Focus on science and ______
Emphasis on social equality and ______
Search for personal fulfillment and focus on rights of individual
Contrasting Societies
______- people share the same values and perform same task
Unites them as a whole
______- impersonal social relationships that arise with increased job specialization
Dependent on others for survival
Groups within Society
Elements of a Group
1) Size – two or more people
2) ______amongst members
3) Shared ______
4) Sense of common identity
Organization of a Group
______- structure, goals, and activities are clearly defined
Ex: Student council
Informal group – no official structure or established ______
Ex: your group of friends
Types of Groups
______- small group of people who interactive over a relatively long period of
time on a direct personal basis
- Intimate group
Secondary group – interaction is ______and temporary in nature
- Casual and ______in personal involvement
- Importance to group is based on ______you are performing
- Individual can be ______by anyone else who can do your task to achieve group goal
Reference group
Any group with whom individuals identify and whose ______and ______they adopt
Ex: school clubs, group of friends, occupation
As you grow up you can change your reference group
In Groups and Out Groups
______- group person belongs to and identifies with
3 characteristics
1) ______- clothing, names, slogans used to separate
2) Positively view themselves
3) ______- compete with outgroups
______- any group that the person does not belong to or identify with
Electronic Communities
People interact with one another regularly on the ______
Share intimate details, gossip, ______, play games, etc on the Internet
Ex: Facebook, MySpace, Zoosk
Social Networks
Web or relationships formed by the sum total of a person’s ______with other people
Include direct and indirect relationships
______- people who we know or who know us but we have little interaction
Ex: friend of a friend can get us a job
Group Function
1) Must define their ______
2) Select ______- people who influence the attitudes and opinions of others
- ______leaders – task oriented – help reach goal
- ______leaders – emotion-oriented – find ways to keep together and hold morale
3) Perform related ______of setting goals, assigning tasks, and making decisions
4) Control members’ ______
Bureaucracy
Ranked authority structure that operates according to specific ______and ______
Organization that has many ______and bureaus
Weber’s Model of Bureaucracies:
- Division of ______; ranking authority
- Employment based on formal qualifications
- Written ______and ______
- Specific lines of ______and advancement
Problems of Bureaucracies
No longer fulfill their original ______
______- delay due to rules or procedures
______- rules and regulations make workday repetitive
Little room for advancement of lower and mid level employees
______- power in the hands of the few at the top
The powerful promote their own interests over interests of organization