Chapter 3Tools for Exploring the World: Physical, Perceptual, and Motor Development

The Newborn

Know the name and significance of each newborn reflex.
List the components of the Apgar scale and describe what the scale tells us about the newborn.
Describe the information about the newborn that can be learned from the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment.
List and describe the 4 newborn states.
Describe the 3 different types of crying found in newborns.
Describe the pattern of REM and non-REM sleep found in the newborn.
Describe sleep disturbances such as nightmares, night terrors, sleep walking, and bedwetting.
List and describe the factors associated with Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.
Describe the dimensions of temperament.
Describe cross-cultural differences in temperament.
Explain how temperament is influenced by heredity and environment.
Explain the stability of temperament across childhood.

Describe the pattern of growth that is seen in children from birth to 2 years of age.
Know how average size and normal size differ from each other.
Describe the advantages of bottle feeding and breast feeding.
Describe how children’s eating habits change during the first two years of life.
Describe the effects of malnutrition on growth in young children.
Explain why it is important to combine changes in diet and parent training when treating malnutrition in children.
List and describe the parts of neurons.
Describe the structure and various functions of parts of the brain such as the cerebral cortex, hemispheres, and the corpus callosum.
Describe the development of the brain throughout prenatal development and the first few years after birth.
Describe the functions of the left and right hemispheres and the frontal lobe of the brain.
Describe the various methods that are used to study the functions of the brain.
Describe neuroplasticity.

Describe some of the important developments that lead to the ability to maintain one's balance and eventually walk.
Know dynamic systems theory and the difference between differentiation and integration.
Describe how practice is related to motor development.
Describe the development of running and hopping.
Describe the development of fine motor skills from simple grasping in the newborn to the ability to eat with a spoon in a 2-year old.
Describe the development of handedness from about 6 months of age until kindergarten.
Explain how both heredity and environment influence the development of handedness.

Describe the newborn's sense of smell and taste.
Describe the newborn's sense of touch and pain and how we infer these feelings.
Describe infants’ hearing, perception of music, perception of pitch, differentiation of speech sounds, and localization of sound.
Know how infants' visual acuity is assessed.
Describe the development of color perception.
Describe the differences in the reactions of non-crawling and crawling infants when they are placed on the "deep" side of the visual cliff.
Describe the various cues that are used to infer depth, include kinetic cues, visual expansion, motion parallax, retinal disparity, pictorial cues, linear perspective, and texture gradient.
Describe how infants perceive objects.
Explain how researchers can tell if infants can integrate information from vision and touch.
Know the importance of intersensory redundancy in infants’ perception.

Becoming Self Aware

Know when self-recognition appears and how it is measured.
Know how saying “mine” while playing with toys is related to self-awareness.
Describe the characteristics of young children’s self-concepts.
Define theory of mind and know the three phases of theory of mind in preschool children.