Divergent sex-specific plasticity in turtles
Figure S1. Reaction norms illustrating the potential responses of the two sexes (lines) to two hypothetical environments (1 and 2), reproduced from Ceballos and Valenzuela (2011). Different letters (A, B, C, D) indicate different phenotypes. Body size may vary only in magnitude, while body shape may vary in magnitude and direction (different slopes). I: growth is sex-specific but not plastic (sexes have different phenotypes which do not change with environment); II: growth is plastic but not sex-specific (males and females have the same phenotype and it changes equally with environment); III: growth is plastic and sex-specific (sexes have different phenotypes and they change equally with environment). Scenarios IV a-d represent interactions between sex and environment, that is, when growth is plastic and sex-specific, and the phenotype of each sex changes in different ways depending on the environment (slopes are different). Namely, IV-a: one sex exhibits a plastic phenotypic response but the other does not; IV-b: both sexes exhibit a plastic response which in differs in magnitude and/or direction; IV-c: both sexes exhibit a plastic response of identical magnitude but in opposite directions which reverses the SSD or SShD pattern but maintains its magnitude; and IV-d: both sexes exhibit a plastic response which differs in magnitude and is in opposite directions which reverses the SSD or SShD pattern and changes the magnitude of the sexual dimorphism.
Figure S2. Thin-plate spline deformation grids (magnified 10x) illustrating the effect of incubation temperature on carapace and plastron shape. Gray arrows indicate direction of change and ovals indicate regions of differences. Groups that differ significantly are denoted by different letters. Head is located on the left as in Fig. 2.
Figure S3. Thin-plate spline deformation grids illustrating the effect of water temperature, food quality and food quantity treatments on carapace and plastron shape of Podocnemis expansa at 5 and 25 months of age. Magnification, symbols and direction are as in Fig. S2.
Figure S4. Interaction of food quantity (high and low amount) and food quality (high and low protein content) on the average carapace and plastron (centroid) size at different ages of Podocnemis expansa. Groups that differ significantly are denoted by different letters.
Figure S5. Thin-plate spline deformation grids illustrating the effect of the interaction of food quantity and food quality on carapace and plastron shape, and of the interaction of water temperature and food quantity on carapace shape of Podocnemis expansa at 17 months of age. Magnification, symbols and direction are as in Fig. S2.
Figure S6. Ontogenic allometry between shape (principal component 1 of shape) and (centroid) size of carapace (above) and plastron (below) of Podocnemis expansa at 7 days, and 5, 9, 13, 17, 21 and 25 months of life. Two models were fitted: for carapace: PC1 = 0.1135 - 21.3457 * 1 / size; R square = 0.96, F1, 1859 = 47,725, P < 0.0001; for plastron: PC1 = 0.0562 - 8.8750 * 1 / size; R square = 0.87, F1, 1930 = 13,406, P < 0.0001.
Table S1. Ingredients and nutritional composition of two types of food (Protinal Lab) with relatively higher and lower nutritional quality used in this study.
Higher quality food(“Trucharina 40%”) / Lower quality food
(“Cachamarina C”)
Ingredients: / Fish meal, meat meal, soybean meal, sorghum, rice, wheat flour, calcium, salt, minerals (cobalt, copper, magnesium, selenium, iodine, zinc), vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, B12, C, D3, E, K, folic acid, pantothenic acid, biotin, choline, niacin. / Corn and/or sorghum, rice, corn meal, wheat middling, sorghum flour, meat meal, fish meal, calcium, salt, minerals (cobalt, copper, magnesium, selenium, iodine, zinc), vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, B12, C, D3, E, K, folic acid, pantothenic acid, biotin, choline, niacin.
Composition (%):
Crude Protein (Min.) / 40 / 21
Crude Fat (Min.) / 10 / 3
Crude Fiber (Max.) / 6 / 5
Nitrogen (Min.) / 30 / 48
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