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Human Anatomy & Physiology Honors

Final Exam Review Sheet - 2013

Chapter 6 – The Muscular System (pp. 183 - 221)

I. Overview of muscle tissue

A. Muscle types (table pg. 184)

1. Skeletal muscle

a. Striated

b. Voluntary

2. Smooth muscle

a. Visceral

b. Nonstriated

c. involuntary

d. Functions of?

3. Cardiac muscle

a. Striated

b. Involuntary

c. Functions of?

B. Connective tiussue wrappings of skeletal muscle (pg. 185)

1. Endomysium

2. Perimysium

3. Fascicle

4. Epimysium

5. Tendons

6. Aponeurosis

7. Functions of?

C. Muscle function

1. Producing movement

2. Maintaining posture

3. Stabilizing joints

4. Generating heat

II. Microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle (pp. 187 - 189)

A. Sarcolema

B. Myofibrils

1. Light (I) bands

2. Dark (A) bands

C. Sarcomeres

D. Myofilaments

1. Thick filaments

a. Myosin

2. Cross bridges

3. Thin filaments

a. Actin

E. Neurotransmitter

F. Neuromuscular junction

G. Sacoplasmic reticulum (SR)

H. The Sliding Filament Theory

I. Anatomy of a skeletal muscle cell (fiber) (pg. 188)

III. Muscle movements, types, and names (pg. 198)

A. Types of body movements

1. origin

2. insertion

3. flexion

4. extension

5. rotation

6. abduction

7. adduction

8. circumduction

9. dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

10. inversion and eversion

11. supination and pronation

12. opposition

B. Interactions of skeletal muscles in the body (pg. 202)

1. prime mover

2. antagonist

3. synergist

4. fixators

C. Naming skeletal muscles (pg. 204)

1. direction of muscle fiber

2. relative size of the muscle

3. location of the muscle

4. number of origins

5. location of the muscle’s origin and insertion

6. shape of the muscle

7. action of the muscle

D. muscle actions of:

1. biceps

2. triceps

Chapter 14 - The Digestive System and Body Metabolism (pp. 469 - 481)

I. Digestive System Anatomy

A.  Organs/Structures

1.  alimentary canal/gastrointestinal tract

2.  accessory organs

B.  Walls of GI Tract

1.  mucosa

2.  submucosa

3.  muscularis

4.  serosa

C.  Mouth (oral/buccal cavity)

1.  lips (labia)

2.  cheeks

a.  gingiva

3.  hard/soft palate

4.  uvula

5.  tongue

a.  functions

i.  mastication

ii.  chewing

iii.  speech

D.  Salivary Glands

1.  parotid

2.  submandibular

3.  sublingual

4.  buccal

E.  Teeth

1.  structure: crown, neck, root

2.  types

a.  deciduous

b.  permanent

3.  teeth

a.  incisors

b.  canines; cuspids

c.  premolars; bicuspids

d.  molars; tricuspids

F.  Pharynx

1.  Oropharynx

2.  Laryngopharynx

G.  Esophagus

1.  epiglottis

H.  Stomach

1.  divisions

a.  fundus

b.  body

c.  pylorus

2.  sphincters

a.  cardiac

b.  pyloric

3.  other

a.  rugae

b.  chief & parietal cells

4.  functions

I.  Small Intestines

1.  divisions

a.  duodenum

b.  jejunum

c.  ileum

2.  other

a.  villi

b.  goblet cells

3.  functions

J.  Large Intestines

1.  divisions

a.  cecum

b.  colon

c.  rectum

2.  functions

K.  Accessory Organs

1.  Vermiform appendix

2.  liver

a.  lobes

b.  functions

3.  gall bladder

4.  pancreas

a.  endocrine

i.  a cells; glucagon

ii.  b cells; insulin

b.  exocrine

L.  Vomit & Heartburn

II. Digestive System Physiology

A.  Mechanisms

1.  ingestion

2.  digestion

3.  motility

4.  secretion

5.  absorption

6.  elimination

B.  Mastication

C.  Deglutition (swallowing)

1.  stages

a.  oral

b.  pharyngeal

c.  esophageal

i.  peristalsis

ii.  segmentation

D.  Regulation

1.  Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

2.  Cholecystokinin (CCK)

E.  Chemical Digestion

1.  enzymes

2.  macromolecules

a.  carbohydrates to monosaccharides (glucose)

b.  proteins (polypeptides) to amino acids

c.  lipids to fatty acid and glycerol

d.  nucleic acids to nucleotides (phosphate, five carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base)

3.  secretions and regulation

a.  salivary: mucus, amylase, lipase, and sodium bicarbonate

b.  gastric juice: pepsin, mucus, HCl, and intrinsic factor

c.  pancreatic juice: trypsin, lipase, amylase, and sodium bicarbonate

d.  bile: bile salts and lecithin

e.  intestinal secretion: sodium bicarbonate and nucleases

f. vasoactive intestinal peptide: VIP

F.  Absorption

1.  passive

a.  diffusion

b.  osmosis

2.  active

G.  Elimination

1.  defecation

a.  constipation

b.  diarrhea

H.  Diseases

1.  hepatitis (A,B, & C)

2.  cirrhosis

3.  colitis

a.  Crohn’s Disease

Chapter 15 - The Urinary System (pp.518 - 540)

I. Urinary System

A. Organs

1. kidney

2. ureter

3. urinary bladder

4. urethra

B. Kidney Anatomy

1. hilum

2. cortex/medulla

3. renal pyramids, columns, papilla, calyces, and pelvis

C. Ureter

D. Urinary Bladder

1. rugae

2. openings

E. Urethra

F. Micturition

1. Incontinence

2. Urinary Retention

G. Nephron

1. Bowman’s capsule

2. glomerulus

3. proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

4. loop of Henle

5. ascending/descending

6. distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

7. collecting duct

H. Urine Formation

1. filtration

2. reabsorption

3. secretion

I. Regulation

1. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

2. aldosterone

J. Urine Composition

1. nitrogenous waste, toxins, pigments, hormones, electrolytes

K. Abnormalities

1. blood

2. glucose: diabetes

3. albumin

4. calculi: stones

Chapter 10 – Blood (pp.340 - 359) (Use worksheets distributed)

I.  Composition And Functions Of Blood (pp.340 -349)

  1. Components
  2. Physical Characteristics and Volume
  3. Plasma
  4. Formed Elements
  5. Erythrocytes
  6. Leukocytes
  7. Granulocytes
  8. Neutrophils
  9. Eosinophils
  10. Basophils
  11. Agranulocytes
  12. Lymphocytes
  13. Monocytes
  14. Platelets

II.  Developmental Aspects Of Blood (p. 309)

Chapter 11 - The Cardiovascular System (Use worksheets distributed)

I.  Cardiovascular System: The Heart (pp. 362-374)

  1. Anatomy of the Heart
  2. Location and Size
  3. Chambers and Associated Vessels
  4. Atria
  5. Ventricles
  6. Superior/Inferior Venae Cavae
  7. Pulmonary Arteries
  8. Pulmonary Veins
  9. Aorta
  10. Valves
  11. Atrioventricular (AV) Valves
  12. Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve
  13. Tricuspid Valve
  14. Semilunar Valves
  15. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
  16. Aortic Semilunar Valve
  17. Cardiac Circulation
  18. Physiology of the Heart
  19. Conduction System of the Heart
  20. Nerves of the Autonomic Nervous System
  21. Intrinsic Conduction System (Nodal System)
  22. Sinoatrial (SA) Node (Pacemaker)
  23. Atrioventricular (AV) Node
  24. Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His)
  25. Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds
  26. Diastole
  27. Systole
  28. Cardiac Output
  29. Regulation of Stroke Volume
  30. Regulation of Heart Rate
II.  Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels (pp. 374-395)
  1. Structural Differences between Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
  2. Gross Anatomy of Blood Vessels
  3. Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation
  4. Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation
  5. Veins Draining into the Superior Vena Cava
  6. Veins Draining into the Inferior Vena Cava
  7. Physiology of Circulation
  8. Capillary Exchange

III. Developmental Aspects Of The Cardiovascular System (pp. 395, 397)

The structures for each body system listed below can be identified on diagrams, models, or on the cat.

Structures on the exam include:

1. Differences between Skeletal, Cardiac, & Smooth Muscle (p. 184)

2. Connective Tissue Wrappings (p. 185)

3. Muscle attachments (origin and insertion) (p. 199)

4. Superficial muscles of the anterior surface of the body (p. 216)

5. Superficial muscles of the posterior surface of the body (p. 217)

6. Internal frontal section of The Heart (p. 364)

7. The systemic and pulmonary circulations (p.365)

8. Structure of blood vessels (p. 375)

9. Major arteries of the systemic circulation, anterior view (p. 379)

10. Major veins of the systemic circulation, anterior view (p. 381)

11. Major Respiratory Organs & Alveoli (p. 442 & p. 448)

12. The human digestive system: Alimentary canal (p. 470)

13. Organs of The Urinary System (Anterior view) (p. 519)

14. Internal anatomy of the Kidney (p. 520)

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