Diseases & Disorders Of

diseases & disorders of

the Respiratory system

Bronchitis

Ø  Inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles

Ø  Mucous membranes to produce more secretions

Ø  Cilia movement is slowed down

Ø  Tissues swell narrowing the air passages

Ø  Coughing is triggered to keep the passages clear

Ø  Caused by à bacteria, smoke, viral infections

Emphysema

Ø  Alveoli become enlarged, their walls break down and are replaced with fibrous tissue

Ø  Reduces surface area for gas exchange

Ø  Reduces elasticity making expiration difficult

Ø  May lead to other infections (bronchitis, tuberculosis)

Ø  Body compensates by increasing heart and breathing rates

Bronchial Asthma

Ø  Response to a foreign substance in the body

Ø  Tissues lining the bronchioles swell and muscles go into spasms

Ø  Increase the resistance of air flow out of the lungs

Pleurisy

Ø  Inflammation of pleural membranes putting pressure on the lungs

Ø  Inhaling is difficult

Laryngitis

Ø  Infection and inflammation of the vocal chords

Ø  Temporary loss of voice or deepening of the voice since the swollen chords will vibrate at a different frequency

Lung Cancer

Ø  Most common cancer death

Ø  Uncontrolled growth of cells that greatly decreases the surface area for diffusion

Ø  Tumors may block bronchioles

Tuberculosis

Ø  Bacterial infection which causes lung tissue to form small clumps (tubercles) around the bacteria

Common Cold

Ø  Inflammation of the membranes of the upper respiratory tract, causing difficulty in breathing

Ø  Membranes release a watery fluid (runny nose) which can irritate the trachea resulting in a cough

Pneumonia

Ø  Caused by bacteria / viruses which results in the inflammation of the lungs and a fluid is produced which collects in the alveoli

Ø  The alveoli become clogged and the lungs become solid and airless

BREATHING IN EXTREMES

Mountain Climbers

Ø  Need to carry oxygen tanks

Ø  High altitudes have lower concentrations of oxygen

Ø  Initially our bodies compensate by breathing faster

Ø  Over a few weeks the number of red blood cells in your blood is increased for more efficient O2 collection and transport

è HYPOXIA – altitude sickness – not enough oxygen to

meet the body’s needs

Scuba Divers

Ø  Pure oxygen is often deadly when breathed in at depths below 7 m

Ø  Divers use a mixture of 32% O2 and 68% N2

Ø  Use regulators to compensate for changes in pressure

Ø  If a diver comes to the surface too early they may suffer from “the Bends” è gasses bubble in the tissues and may lead to death

Drowning

Laryngiospasm è 10 % of all drowning deaths

Ø  Larynx seals shut

Ø  Death is from asphyxiation rather than water in the lungs

Fresh Water Drowning è washes away the lubricating

film inside the alveoli

Ø  They collapse and gas exchange ends

Salt Water Drowning è concentration gradient draws

fluid out of the capillaries and into the lungs

Ø  fluid builds up & O2 cannot reach the alveoli

Read pgs. 294 – 296

Case study: Cancer and smoking

Pgs. 299 – 302

Pg. 302 a – f

Pg. 303 # 1-3, 5

Review

Pgs. 314 – 315 # 1, 4, 5, 7, 9 a, b, 13, 17