Digestive System Guided Notes
Ailmentary Canal
-Hollow ______extending from the ______to the anus
-Considered external because the ______and ______are exposed to the outside world
4 Tissue Layers
-Mucosa
-Submucosa
-Muscularis ______= movement= ______
-Serosa:
-Visceral ______= organ
-Parietal peritoneum= ______
Organs of the Ailmentary Canal
Mouth-Teeth
-Deciduous (20)= ______
-Permanent (32)
Tooth Parts
-Crown-visible above ______(gum), covered in ______
-Root-______in the ______, covered by cementum, attached to the ______membrane
-Neck-______the crown and root
-Dentin-______like bulk of the ______
-Pulp-fills ______(blood vessels, ______, connective tissues)
Tongue
-Attached to the ______bone and ______process
-Frenulum-membrane ______to the ______of the mouth
3 Pairs of Salivary Glands
-Parotids- ______, anterior to the ______
-Sublingual- ______the tongue
-Submandibular-on the floor of the ______
Pharynx-Throat
-2 muscle layers: longitudinal and circular
-Propels food by ______(movement)
Esophagus
-10 inch ______tube attachment between the ______and stomach
-There is ______digestion occurring here
Parts of the Stomach
-Cardioesophageal sphincter- at the ______of the ______, food enters ______the esophagus
-Pyloric sphincter- at the ______of the stomach, ______leaves and goes ______the small intestine
-Rugae- ______that allow the stomach to ______
Stomach
Left side of the ______cavity under the ______. It’s ____ shaped
Gastric Juice
-Intrinsic factor-for ______of vitamin ______
-Chief cells- produce ______digesting enzymes (ex: ______)
-Mucus neck cells- produce ______to protect the stomach ______
-Bolus (chewed up food)- ______
The mucosa of the stomach has deep ______which leads to gastric glands-which secrete gastric ______
Small Intestine-10-12 feet long
3 Subdivisions:
-Duodenum- ____ foot
-Jejunum- ______feet= ______
-Ileum- ______feet
Nearly all food absorption occurs in the small intestines
-Villi- ______like projections
-Microvilli- ______projections on the villi
-Circular folds
-All are ______in ______beds
-All ______surface area to ______the maximum amount of ______as they pass by
-All of the ______(digestion) of food occurs by the ______it gets through the ______
-The ______and ileum will absorb the nutrients
Large Intestine-Colon
-The ileum ______the large intestine at the ______valve
-The large intestine forms an upside down _____ shaped frame
-The ______is a sac at the ______of the colon
-The ______is a blind pouch off the ______with _____ function
Small Intestine Absorption
-Nutrient absorption occurs by ______transport into the ______blood of the villi
-______are absorbed by ______
Sections of the Large Intestine
-Ascending colon-travels _____ the ______side
-Hepatic ______- makes the turn ______
-Transverse colon-travels ______the abdominal ______
-Splenic ______- makes the turn ______
-Descending colon- travels ______the left side and enters the ______
-Sigmoid colon- _____ shaped area above the ______
Anus
-Has ______and ______sphincters
-They ______to eliminate feces
The large intestine doesn’t have villi, but have multiple ______cells which secrete ______to lubricate the feces. ______live in the ______and synthesize ______.
Water, ______, and vitamins are absorbed and ______to the body. The feces is ______.
Accessory Digestive Organs
-Pancreas
-Liver
-Gall bladder
-Salivary glands
Pancreas
-Soft, pink, triangular ______extends from the ______to the duodenum.
-Produces ______that breakdown all types of ______that are ______into the duodenum.
-Enzymes ______the duodenum through the ______duct. It also produces the ______glucagon and ______
Liver
-______organ in this system, located under the ______
-4 lobes, many metabolic and ______roles
-Digestive role is to produce ______which leaves the ______through the ______duct
-Bile is ______; it is an ______of fat and is ______an enzyme
Gall Bladder
-Small green sac ______in the ______surface of the liver
-When digestion is not occurring, ______(which is produced ______) backs up the ______duct into the gall bladder where it is ______. It enters the ______by the common ______duct
-When bile is ______for a long time, ______may form and block ducts causing ______
Salivary Glands
-______salivary ______into ducts which enter the mouth and mix with ______(starts ______digestion)
Metabolism
All chemical breakdown (______) reactions and all chemical building (______) reactions needed to ______life
The liver also performs:
-Glycogenesis- ______the ______, glycogen
-Glycogenolysis- ______stored glycogen
-Glyconeogenesis- forms ______from ______-carbohydrates
Carbohydrate Metabolism
-Sugar ______(usually ingested as ______
-cellulose is a ______that cannot be broken down (no ______) = fiber
Liver is a Key Metabolic Organ
-Nutrient ______blood drains the digestive ______
-Enters the ______portal vein to the ______
-The liver ______amino acid, ______acids, extra glucose, ______, and some toxins
-The liver makes ______from amino acids, ______from fatty acids and glycerol; releases them to______
-Hyperglycemia- ______glucose is stored first as ______, then if it’s still to ______as fat in ______tissue
-Hypoglycemia- ______glucose levels; ______is broken down
Fat Metabolism
-The liver ______to metabolize ______for ATP instead of ______
-The liver handles most ______metabolism
-Fats are ______to form the following: membranes, ______sheaths, fatty cushions and ______
-If the body doesn’t have enough ______, it will use ______to form ______, but it isn’t efficient and intermediate products ______. The blood becomes ______(ketosis); common in starvation or “______” diets
Protein Metabolism
-All cells need ______. All cells actively take up ______(20 different types). ___ amino acids______be made by the cells and must be found in the ______- they are the ______amino acids.
-Salivary ______and pancreatic amylase-breaks down ______=starches
-Pepsin and ______- breaks down ______
-Pancreatic ______-breaks down ______(fats)
Transport
-Swallowing
-Buccal phase- ______; the tongue pushes the ______into the pharynx
-Pharyngeal/esophageal phase- ______
-The nasal passage is closed ______by the ______(uvula rises)
-The ______and respiratory passages ______off by the ______
Chemical Breakdown
-Large ______are broken down to the building blocks-the ______break so they can ______diffuse into the ______
-Carbohydrates-starches, ______breakdown to ______
-Proteins-breakdown to ______acids
-Fats (lipids)- breakdown to ______acids and ______
Mechanical Breakdown
-Chemical (tearing, grinding), ______, mixing
-Starts in the ______with the ______and teeth
-Continues in the ______
-Segmental ______of the stomach-mixes
-Peristalsis-waves of ______/relaxation of long muscles and circular muscles ______the material ______
-Local stomach ______or inner ear problems can stimulate the ______center of the brain (______), causing ______peristalsis = ______
-Irritation or ______of the intestinal flora (bacteria) can cause a problem with water ______and movement through the ______intestine would be too ______
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)-The ______of energy used by the body under ______(basal) resting conditions
BMR= calories ______for homeostasis
TMR= ______consumed for homeostasis plus ______
-Most of the energy ______from foods that are ______-escapes as ______(60%)
Energy Use
-The energy ______of food is measured in ______(kcal)
Total Metabolic Rate (TMR)- the ______amount of kcal consumed to ______all ongoing activities