THIS IS NOT THE EXAM REVIEW SHEET!
HELLO EVERYONE!!! These are questions from old exams that are relavent to Exam 4. I understand that there are many... however, these are an INCREDIBLY HELPFUL resource. I highly recommend running through all of them (maybe try answering 25-50 per day?) These questions are directly copied and pasted from a folder on blackboard posted by your professors.
Digestion, Transport and cardiovascular systems
1. Which of the following does NOT require hemoglobin to deliver oxygen to the tissues.
a. Earthworms
*b. Insects
c. Mammals
d. Birds
e. Amphibians
2. The vessels that return blood to the heart in a closed circulatory system are referred to as
a. arteries.
*b. veins.
c. capillaries.
d. sinuses.
e. auxiliary hearts.
3. Which of the following is NOT a component of vertebrate blood?
a. plasma.
b. leukocytes.
c. erythrocytes.
d. platelets.
*e. myoglobin.
4. Hemoglobin is more likely to release oxygen in metabolically active tissues because
a. Metabolically active tissues produce more hemoglobin
b. Metabolically active cells are nearer to capillaries
*c. CO2 is an allosteric regulator of hemoglobin
d. CO2 competes for heme binding
e. Endorphins released by active tissues trigger oxygen release
5. In Tibetan populations living at high elevations, blood oxygen saturation levels have been correlated with
a. Rates of pregnancy
b. Rates of live birth
c. Gestation period
*d. Infant mortality
e. Premature menopause
6. What allows many marine invertebrates (e.g. corals, jellyfish, sea anemones) to grow large in size even though they have only a gastrovascular cavity for circulation?
*a. these organisms are only a few cells thick and can rely on diffusion to transport nutrients and oxygen throughout the body
b. there are many branches within the gastrovascular cavity that directly transport nutrients and oxygen to various tissues
c. a single, large heart provides enough pressure to deliver the blood throughout the entire body
d. there are many openings to the gastrovascular cavity that allow nutrients and oxygen to be taken up from all directions
7. Why are respiratory and circulatory systems tightly coupled in organisms with closed circulatory systems?
a. all cells in the body require nutrients, oxygen, and waste removal
b. organisms with a low surface area:volume ratio cannot only rely on the simple diffusion of nutrients and gases to sustain life
c. if these systems weren’t coupled, the blood pressure would be too low to circulate the blood throughout the entire body
d. all of the above are true
*e. only A and B are true
8. Cooperative binding of O2 by hemoglobin is physiologically important because
a. it overcomes the limitation imposed by diffusion rates
b. it allows saturation of blood with O2 at low partial pressure
*c. it allows hemoglobin to readily give up most of its oxygen at sites of physiological activity
d. it increases the O2 carrying capacity of blood
e. it allows efficient exchange of O2 for CO2
9. Plant gas exchange occurs mainly through which of the following structures?
a. companion cells
b. trachea
c. alveoli
*d. stomata
e. vessels
10. Consider the graphs shown. The center, blue line represents the O2 dissociation curve for adult hemoglobin. The line that represents fetal hemoglobin is
a. A because adult hemoglobin has a higher affinity than fetal Hb for O2
*b. A because fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity than adult Hb for O2
c. B because adult hemoglobin has a higher affinity than fetal Hb for O2
d. B because fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity than adult Hb for O2
11. Which of the following factors contribute to water flow in xylem?
*a. active transport in root cells and evapotranspiration through stomates
b. root peristalsis and evapotranspiration through stomates
c. active transport in root cells and capillary action
d. capillary action and evapotranspiration through stomates
e. active transport in root cells and capillary action
12. What is an advantage for insects to have an open circulatory system rather than a gastrovascular cavity?
a. Insects are more efficient with a single heart.
*b. Insects are terrestrial.
c. Open circulatory systems allow high hemolymph pressures.
d. An open circulatory system allows coupling of respiratory and circulatory systems.
13. What is an advantage for insects to have an open circulatory system rather than a gastrovascular cavity?
*a. An open circulatory system provides for more metabolic dynamic range; the animal can respond to changes in energy demands.
b. Insects don’t have open circulatory systems.
c. Open circulatory systems allow high hemolymph pressures.
d. An open circulatory system allows coupling of respiratory and circulatory systems.
14. Which of the following statements about amphibian and mammalian circulatory systems is true?
*a. Pulmonary circulation occurs at reduced blood pressure.
b. Amphibians have 4 heart chambers similar to mammals.
c. Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange only occursin the lungs and skin.
d. All of the above are true.
e. None of the above are true.
15.
Which of the following statements is NOT true about a capillary bed?
a. The drop in blood pressure across the capillary is partially due to fluid loss.
*b. Large proteins diffuse out of the vasculature on the arteriole side and intothe vasculature on the on the venule side.
c. The lymphatic system collects water and solutes that are not picked up by the venules.
d. The addition of CO2 to the blood decreases the pH of the blood.
e. None of the above. All of the above statements are true.
16. Which of the following statements about the blood vessels shown in this figure is NOT true?
a. The endothelium provides the conduit for the transport of the blood while allowing small molecules to diffuse into and out of the circulatory system.
b. The elastic layers of the large arteries and large veins help to moderate blood pressure fluctuations during and between heart contractions.
c. Fenestrated capillaries allow more fluid loss than continuous capillaries.
d. The smooth muscle cells contribute to vasodilation and vasoconstriction.
*e. None of the above. All of the statements are true.
17. Based on what is shown in these oxygen binding curves, which of the following is true?
a. At lower temperatures hemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen.
b. Elevated temperatures increase hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen.
c. Increasing exertion at higher altitudes increases oxygen binding to hemoglobin.
d. All of the above are true.
*e. None of the above are true.
18. This question focuses on long-distance transport in the xylem. Which of the following is NOT true?
*a. Flow of fluids through xylem is not mediated by pressure differences.
b. Cohesion-tension theory relies on the polar nature of water molecules.
c. Transpiration involves evaporative loss of water.
d. None of the above. All of these statements are true.
(No figure...)
19. The figure above is from your textbook. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
a. Osmosis is a key component of water flow between the xylem and the phloem.
*b. Developing fruit represents a sucrose source.
c. Sink cells uptake sucrose by means of plasmodesmata and concentration gradients.
d. Source cells have higher osmotic pressure than sink cells.
e. None of the above. All of these statements are true.
20. Stomatal opening is driven by….
a. Water efflux from the guard cells driven by osmosis due to lower extracellular ion concentrations.
*b. Water influx via osmosis into the guard cells due to pumping of ions and cotransport of sugars into the guard cells.
21. What energy sources drive water transport in the xylem?
a. Gravity and photosynthesis
b. Stomates and soil pressure
c. Gas exchange and xylem vessels
*d. Sunlight and ATP
22. Where to roots get their sugars?
a. From photosynthesis in the root hairs
*b. Via the phloem from the leaves
c. By active transport from the soil
23. Which of the following is NOT an important aspect contributing to water transport through the xylem?
a. cohesion among H2O molecules due to hydrogen bonding
*b. osmosis due to sugar produced in photosynthesizing leaves
c. active transport of mineral ions from the soil into roots
d. transpirational H2O loss from leaves
e. continuous tubes created by dead vessel and tracheid cells
24. Consider the graphs shown. The center, blue line represents the O2 dissociation curve for hemoglobin under normal physiological conditions. The line that represents hemoglobin (Hb) in tissues undergoing intense metabolic demands is
a. A because CO2, low pH and high temperatures increase the affinity of Hb for O2
b. A because CO2, low pH and high temperatures decrease the affinity of Hb for O2
c. B because CO2, low pH and high temperatures increase the affinity of Hb for O2
*d. B because CO2, low pH and high temperatures decrease the affinity of Hb for O2
Nervous System
25. Which of the following cells or structures is part of the peripheral nervous system?
a. an interneuron in your brain
b. the spinal cord
*c. the cell body of a sensory neuron on your tongue
d. the hypothalamus
e. an intestinal epithelial cell
26. A rattlesnake just tried to bite you. Your pulse is racing and you notice your pupils are wide open when you step into your car and look in your rearview mirror. What part of your autonomic nervous system is activated?
a. Myelencephalon
b. Neocortex
*c. Sympathetic
d. Peripheral
e. Parasympathetic
27. As an action potential moves along an axon, the membrane potential changes.Which of the following best describes the molecular mechanisms that cause these changes in membrane potential?
a. Action potentials are mediated by changes in transcription.Different gene expression patterns cause different membrane potentials.
b. As an electron moves along the length of the axon, it transiently heats the membrane, and this changes the membrane potential.
c. Action potentials are mediated by calcium-mediated exocytosis of neurotransmitters.When the vesicles fuse with the membrane, this changes the membrane potential.
d. Sodium and potassium ions speed along the length of the axonal cytoplasm, and this changes the local membrane potential as the action potential passes through.
*e. Action potentials are mediated by voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels, and diffusion of ions across the membrane cause the changes in membrane potential.
28. The location for chemical communication between a neuron and a target cell is called the
a. motor neuron
*b. synaptic cleft
c. oligodendrocyte
d. acetylcholine
e. axon hillock
29. In a neuron, the nucleus is located in the
a. dendritic region.
b. axon hillock.
c. axon.
*d. cell body.
e. axon terminals.
30. In a neuron, the nucleus is located in the
a. dendritic region.
b. axon hillock.
c. axon.
*d. soma.
e. axon terminals.
31. In general, the input processes of a neuron in the central nervous system are referred to as
a. axons
b. synaptic cleft
c. neuromuscular junction
*d. dendrites
e. synaptic terminals
32. Which of the terms below best describes neurons that make local connections between neurons in the brain?
a. motor neurons
b. sensory neurons
*c. interneurons
d. hub neurons
e. transit neurons
33. Which term below best describes neurons that are responsible for stimulating contraction of muscles in your leg?
*a. motor neurons
b. sensory neurons
c. interneurons
d. hub neurons
e. transit neurons
34. Which term below best describes neurons that are responsible for sensing pressure in your skin?
a. motor neurons
*b. sensory neurons
c. interneurons
d. hub neurons
e. transit neurons
35. Which is NOT a factor that contributes to the resting potential?
a. Ion specific channels allowing passive movement of ions
b. Na+/K+ -ATPase
*c. Binding of neurotransmitters to ligand-gated ion channels
d. Negatively charged molecules such as proteins that are more abundant inside the cell
e. All the above contribute to the resting potential
36. The inside of a plasma membrane of a neuronal axon generally has a negative resting potential relative to the outside of the cell. 37. 37. Which of the following changes would result in depolarization of the membrane?
*a. Na+ entering the cell
b. K+ leaving the cell
c. Retraction of the axon
d. Neurotransmitter release from the cell
38. In the two cellular compartments shown above, K+ is moving across the membrane from the left to the right. Why is K+ moving from the left to the right?
*a. K+ is moving down its concentration gradient
b. K+ is moving down its electrical gradient
c. Cl- is attracting K+
d. K+ is moving because the membrane is impermeable to Cl-
39. If the K+ channel closed, so the ions were trapped in the compartments as shown above, what would the voltage of the right side of the cell be in relation to the left?
*a. Equal
b. Negative
c. Positive
d. Cannot be determined
40. The response of a postsynaptic cell is determined by:
a. A. The type of neurotransmitter released at the synapse.
b. B. The type of receptors the postsynaptic cell has.
c. C. The number of Na+ channels in the postsynaptic membrane
d. D. The number of K+ channels in the postsynaptic membrane.