Name ______Class ______Date ______
Democracy in AmericacontinuedPrimary Source
Democracy in America
/ About the Source In the early 1830s, Alexis de Tocqueville—a young French political thinker and historian—traveled the United States for nine months. Upon his return to France, he wrote Democracy in America, a two-volume analysis of U.S. representative democracy and civil society.As you read,note Tocqueville’s analysis of American equality and popular sovereignty. The following words may be new to you: remembrance, deducible, impediment, doctrine, invariable. You may want to use a dictionary to look them up.
America, then, exhibits in her social state a most extraordinary phenomenon. Men are there seen on a greater equality in point of fortune and intellect, or, in other words, more equal in their strength, than in any other country of the world, or, in any age of which history has preserved the remembrance . . .
The political consequences of such a social condition as this are easily deducible.
It is impossible to believe that equality will not eventually find its way into the political world as it does everywhere else. To conceive of men remaining forever unequal upon one single point, yet equal on all others, is impossible; they must come in the end to be equal upon all.
Now, I know of only two methods of establishing equality in the political world: every citizen must be put in possession of his rights, or rights must be granted to no one . . .
But liberty is not the chief and constant object of their desires; equality is their idol: they make rapid and sudden efforts to obtain liberty, and if they miss their aim, resign themselves to their disappointment; but nothing can satisfy them except equality, and rather than lose it they resolve to perish . . .
The Anglo-Americans are the first who, having been exposed to this formidable alternative, have been happy enough to escape the dominion of absolute power. They have been allowed by their circumstances, their origin, their intelligence, and especially by their moral feeling, to establish and maintain the sovereignty of the people . . .
Whenever the political laws of the United States are to be discussed, it is with the doctrine of the sovereignty of the people that we must begin…
In America, the principle of the sovereignty of the people is not either barren or concealed, as it is with some other nations; it is recognised by the customs and proclaimed by the laws; it spreads freely, and arrives without impediment at its most remote consequences. If there be a country in the world where the doctrine of the sovereignty of the people can be fairly appreciated, where it can be studied in its application to the affairs of society, and where its dangers and its advantages may be foreseen, that country is assuredly America . . .
When a nation modifies the elective qualification, it may easily be foreseen that sooner or later that qualification will be entirely abolished. There is no more invariable rule in the history of society: the farther electoral rights are extended, the more is felt the need of extending them; for after each concession the strength of the democracy increases, and its demands increase with its strength…
In some countries a power exists which, though it is in a degree foreign to the social body, directs it, and forces it to pursue a certain track. In others the ruling force is divided, being partly within and partly without the ranks of the people. But nothing of the kind is to be seen in the United States; there society governs itself for itself.
Source: Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 1839
What did you learn?
1.Identify What two methods does Tocqueville say may be used to establish equality?
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2.Summarize Why does Tocqueville believe that “the farther electoral rights are extended, the more is felt the need of extending them”?
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3.Evaluate Does Tocqueville believe that the quest for equality is an important part of the character of American democracy? Do you agree or disagree with Tocqueville?
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Chapter 11Foundations of Government