Deep-Time Patterns of Tissue Consumption by Terrestrial Arthropod Herbivores
Supplementary Material
Deep-time patterns of tissue consumption by terrestrial arthropod herbivores
Naturwissenschaften
Conrad Labandeira
Department of Paleobiology
National Museum of Natural History
Smithsonian Institution
Washington, DC 20013-7012
United States of America
Appendix 1: Source documentation for Figure 1
Plant tissuesFunctionalRepresentative
Fossil deposit and siteAgeconsumedfeeding groupreferences
Kap Københaven FmPliocene/Xylem, lateral meristemBoringsBöcher 1995
(Denmark)Pleistocene
“Congriensand”Early Pliocene–Sclerenchyma, xylemBoringsAbel 1933, Brues 1936
(Austria)middle Miocenelateral meristem
Latah FormationMiddle MioceneEpidermis, parenchyma,External foliage feeding,Lewis 1969, 1985
(Northwestern USA)(?Langhian)secretory tissues, xylem,oviposition, galling, fluid
phloem, intercalary meristem,feeding, borings, seed
megagametophyte/endospermpredation
La Toca Formation―Early MioceneEpidermis, parenchyma,External foliage feeding,Poinar and Poinar 1999
Dominican amber(Aquitanian)secretory tissues, xylem,piercing and sucking,
(Dominican Republic)phloem, spores/pollen, mega-oviposition, galling, fluid
gametophyte/endospermfeeding, borings, seed
predation
Köln FormationLate OligoceneEpidermis, parenchymaExternal foliage feeding,Sittig 1927; Hellmund
(Germany)(Chattian)xylem, phloemoviposition, leaf mining,and Hellmund 1991
Florissant FormationLate EoceneEpidermis, parenchyma,External foliage feeding,Smith 2008
(USA)(Priabonian)secretory tissues, xylem,piercing and sucking, leaf
phloemmining, fluid feeding,
Buchanan Lake Fm.Middle EoceneEpidermis, periderm, paren-External foliage feeding,Labandeira et al. 2001
(Canada)(Lutetian)chyma, sclerenchyma, xylem,borings
phloem, apical meristem, lateral
meristem
Prussian Formation―Middle EoceneEpidermis, parenchyma, collen-External foliage feeding,Larsson 1978, Weitschat
Baltic Amber (USA)(Lutetian)chyma, sclerenchyma, secretorypiercing and sucking, and Wichard 2002
tissues, xylem, phloem, lateralgalling, borings, fluid
meristem, spores/pollen, mega-feeding, palynivory, seed
gametophyte/endosperm,predation
integuments
Green River FormationMiddle EoceneEpidermis, parenchyma, secretoryExternal foliage feeding,Stephenson 1992;
(USA)(Lutetian)tissues, xylem, phloem, lateralpiercing and sucking, Wilf and Labandeira 1999,
meristemoviposition, leaf mining,Wilf et al. 2001, Labandeira
fluid feeding, galling2007
Tufolítas Laguna del Middle EoceneEpidermis, parenchyma, xylemExternal foliage feeding,Wilf et al. 2005; Sarzetti et
Hunco (Argentina)(Ypresian)phloem, lateral meristem,piercing and sucking, al. 2008, 2009
megagametophyte/endospermoviposition, leaf mining,
galling, fluid feeding, seed
predation
Fort Union FormationEarly PaleoceneEpidermis,parenchyma, phloemExternal foliage feeding,Stephenson 1992;
(USA)(Danian)megagametophyte/endospermpiercing and sucking, leafLabandeira et al. 2002a,
mining, galling, seed2002b; Wilf et al. 2006;
predationLabandeira 2012
Hell Creek FormationLate CretaceousEpidermis, parenchyma, xylem,External foliage feeding,Stephenson J (1992);
(USA)(Maastrichtian)phloempiercing and sucking, Labandeira et al. 2002a,
oviposition, leaf mining,2002b; Labandeira 2012
galling
Meeteetsee FormationLate CretaceousEpidermis, parenchyma, xylem,External foliage feeding,Labandeira et al. 1995
(USA)(Maastrichtian)phloempiercing and sucking, leaf
mining, galling
Haslam FormationLate CretaceousSecretory tissues, apical meri-BoringsStockey and Rothwell 2003
(Canada)(Campanian)stem, megagametophyte/
endosperm, integuments
Gerofit FormationLate CretaceousEpidermis, parenchyma,xylem,External foliage feeding,Krassilov et al. 2008
(Israel)(Turonian)phloemleaf mining, galling
Dakota FormationEarly–Late CretaceousEpidermis, parenchyma, xylem,External foliage feeding,Stephenson 1992;
(USA)(Albian–Cenomanianphloem, spores/pollenpiercing and sucking, Labandeira et al. 1994;
boundary)oviposition, leaf mining,Labandeira 1998, 2007
galling, palynophagy
Rajmahal FormationEarly CretaceousEpidermis, parenchyma, phloem,External foliage feeding,Banerji 2004
(India)(Aptian–Albianspores/pollenpiercing and sucking,
boundary)oviposition, galling
Hatira FormationEarly CretaceousSclerenchyma, megagameto-Piercing and sucking, seedKrassilov et al. 2004
(Israel)(Aptian)phyte/endosperm, integumentspredation
Yixian FormationEarly CretaceousEpidermis, parenchyma, scleren-External foliage feeding,Labandeira 2010; Ding and
(China)(Barremian)chyma, secretory tissue, xylem,piercing and sucking, Labandeira, pers. observ.
phloem, apical meristem, inter-oviposition, leaf mining,2010–2013
calary meristem, megagameto-galling, fluid feeding,
phyte/endosperm, integumentsboring, rhizophagy, seed
predation
Lakota FormationEarly CretaceousEpidermis, parenchyma, scleren-BoringsCrepet 1974; Labandeira et
(USA)(Barremian)chyma, xylem, phloem, apicalal 2007
meristem, megagametophyte/
endosperm, integuments
Ashdown FormationEarly CretaceousPeriderm, xylem, lateral meristemBoringsJarzembowski 1990
(United Kingdom)(Barremian–mid-
Valanginian)
Battle Camp FormationJurassic–CretaceousEpidermis, parenchyma, phloemLeaf miningRozefelds 1988
(Australia)(Tithonian–Berriasian)
Morrison FormationLate JurassicEpidermis, parenchyma, xylem,External foliage feeding,Tidwell and Ash 1990,
(USA)(Tithonian)phloem, megagametophyte/boringDayvault and Hatch 2003
endosperm
Karabastau FormationLate JurassicEpidermis, periderm, secretoryExternal foliage feeding,Rasnitsyn and Krassilov
(Kazakhstan)(Kimmeridgian)tissues, xylem, phloem, spores/fluid feeding, palynophagy1996, 2000; Labandeira
pollen2010
La Maltide FormationMiddle–Late JurassicXylemBoringsGenise and Hazeldine 1995
(Argentina)(Callovian–Oxfordian)
Jiulongshan FormationMiddle JurassicEpidermis, parenchyma, secre-External foliage feeding,Labandeira 2010, Pott et
(China)(Bathonian–Callovian)tory tissues, xylem, spores/piercing and sucking, al. 2012, Ding and Laban-
pollen, megagametophyte/oviposition, galling, leafdeira, pers. observ. 2010–
endosperm, integumentsmining, palynophagy, 2013
seed predation
Scarborough FormationMiddle JurassicEpidermis, parenchyma, secre-External foliage feeding,Harris 1942; Alvin et al.
(United Kingdom)(Bajocian)tory tissues, xylem, phloem,piercing and sucking,1967; Scott et al. 1992;
spore/pollen, megagametophyte/oviposition, galling, fluidLabandeira and Santiago-
endosperm, integumentsfeeding, boring, palyni-Blay, pers. observ. 2011–
vory, seed predation2012
“Pflanzensandstein”Early JurassicEpidermis, parenchyma, xylem,Oviposition, gallingvan Konijnenburg-van Cittert
(Germany)(Hettangian)phloemand Schmeißner 1999
Keuper FormationMiddle TriassicEpidermis, parenchyma, xylem,External foliage feeding,Linck 1949, Grauvogel-
(France, Germany)(Rhaetian)lateral meristem, intercalaryoviposition, boringStamm and Kelber 1996
meristem
Santa Maria FormationLate TriassicXylemBoringsMinello 1994
(Brazil)(Rhaetian)
Chinle FormationLate TriassicEpidermis, periderm, parenchyma,External foliage feeding,Walker 1938; Ash 1997,
(USA)(Norian)xylem, phloem, intercalary meri-oviposition, galling, boring1999; Tapanila and
stem, integumentsRoberts 2012
Lunz FormationLate TriassicEpidermis, parenchyma, OvipositionPott et al. 2008
(Austria)(Carnian)
Molteno FormationLate TriassicEpidermis, parenchyma, xylem,External foliage feeding, Scott et al. 2004, Labandeira
(South Africa)(Carnian)phloem, intercalary meristem,piercing and sucking, 2006, Labandeira 2007, 2012
megagametophyte/endosperm,oviposition, leaf mining,
integumentsgalling, borings, seed
predation
Madygen FormationMiddle‒Late TriassicEpidermis, parenchyma, lateralExternal foliage feeding,Moisan et al. 2012
(Kyrgyzstan)(Carnian‒Anisian)meristemoviposition
Buntsandstein Fm.Middle TriassicEpidermis, parenchyma, xylemExternal foliage feeding,Grauvogel-Stamm and
(Germany)(Anisian)phloem, apical meristem, inter-oviposition, gallingKelber 1996
calary meristem
Shihhotse FormationLate Permian/Periderm, xylemBoringsGlasspool et al. 2003
(China)Lopingian
(Changhsingian)
Emakwezini FormationLate Permian/Epidermis, parenchyma, xylem,External foliage feeding,Prevec et al. 2009
(South Africa)Lopingianphloempiercing and sucking,
(Wuchiapingian)oviposition, galling
Vyrheid FormationMiddle Permian/Epidermis, parenchyma, xylem,External foliage feeding,McLoughlin 2011
(South Africa)Guadalupian (?Roadian)phloemoviposition
Clear Fork FormationEarly Permian/Epidermis, parenchyma, scleren-External foliage feeding,DiMichele et al. 2000,
(USA)Cisuralian (Kungurian)chyma, xylem, phloem, mega-piercing and sucking,2004
gametophyte/endosperm, oviposition, galling
integuments
Waggoner Ranch Fm.Early Permian/Epidermis, parenchyma, secretoryExternal foliage feedingBeck and Labandeira
(USA)Cisuralian (Artinskian)tissues, xylem, phloem1998; Labandeira 2012
Nocona FormationEarly Permian/Epidermis, parenchyma, xylem,External foliage feeding,Labandeira and Allen
(USA)Cisuralian (Sakmarian)phloem, apical meristemgalling2007
Taiyuan FormationEarly Permian/Megagametophyte/endosperm,Seed predationHilton et al. 2001, 2002
(China)Cisurallian (Asselian)integuments
Lower RotliegendeEarly Permian (Asselian)Epidermis, parenchyma, xylem,External foliage feeding,Florin 1945, Meyen 1984,
Formation‒Late Carboniferousphloem, apical meristem, galling, seed predationKerp 1988, Zherikhin 2002
(Germany)(Gzhelian)megagametophyte/endosperm,
integuments
Matoon FormationLate Carboniferous/Epidermis, parenchyma, xylem,External foliage feeding,Labandeira and Phillips
(USA)Pennsylvanianphloem, lateral meristem, piercing and sucking, 1996, 2002; Labandeira
(Kasimovian)spores/pollengalling, rhizophagy, boring,2001, 2007
fluid feeding, palynophagy
Carbondale FormationLate Carboniferous/Epidermis, parenchyma, xylem,External foliage feeding,Scott and Taylor 1983, Scott
(USA)Pennsylvanianphloem, lateral meristem, spores/piercing and sucking, et al. 1992, Labandeira and
(Moscovian)pollengalling, rhizophagy, boring,Beall 1990, Labandeira and
Phillips 2002
Caseyville FormationLate CarboniferousMegagametophyte/endosperm,Seed predationJennings 1974, Scott et al.
(USA)Pennsylvanianinteguments1992
(Moscovian)
McInnes FormationEarly Carboniferous/Epidermis, parenchyma, xylem,External foliage feedingIannuzzi and Labandeira
(Australia)Mississippianphloem2008
(Serpukhovian)
Fayetteville FormationEarly Carboniferous/PhloemBoringsDunn et al. 2003
(USA)Mississippian
(Serpukhovian)
Pettycur LimestoneEarly Carboniferous/Spores/pollenPalynophagyRothwell and Scott 1988
(United Kingdom)Mississippian
(Visean)
Oxroad Bridge Fm.Early Carboniferous/Xylem, spores/pollenExternal foliage feeding,Bateman and Scott 1990
(United Kingdom)Mississippianpalynophagy
(Tournasian)
Pepinster FormationMiddle DevonianParenchymaExternal foliage feeding,Fairon-Demeret and Li
(Belgium)(Givetian)piercing and sucking, galling1993
Plattekill FormationMiddle DevonianEpidermisExternal foliage feeding,Labandeira and Currano
(USA)(Givetian)piercing and sucking, 2013
Galling
Battery Point FormationEarly DevonianEpidermis, parenchyma, collen-External foliage feeding,Trant and Gensel 1985,
(Canada)(Emsian)chyma, xylem, spores/pollenpiercing and sucking,Banks and Colthart 1993,
PalynivoryHotton et al. 1996
Dryden Flags FormationEarly DevonianEpidermis, parenchyma, xylem,External foliage feeding,Kevan et al. 1975, Shear
(United Kingdom)(Pragian)spores/pollenpiercing and sucking,and Selden 2001, Habgood
Boringset al. 2004
Dilton FormationEarly DevonianSpores/pollenPalynophagyEdwards 1995
(United Kingdom)(Lochkovian)
Roman Camp Fm.Late SilurianSpores/pollenPalynophagyEdwards 1995
(United Kingdom)(Přídolí)
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