Database: Current Contents, MEDLINE
Search Strategy:
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1 exp Martial Arts/ (274)
2 exp Hand Injuries/ (9842)
3 Wrist Injuries/ (3013)
4 2 or 3 (12445)
5 1 and 4 (5)
6 (hand and conditioning).af. (1084)
7 (hand and strength$).af. (9251)
8 1 and (6 or 7) (1)
9 karate.mp. (242)
10 4 and 9 (5)
11 (martial art$ or karate).af. (579)
12 exp Martial Arts/in (65)
13 limit 12 to english language (60)
14 9 and 13 (15)
15 9 and (6 or 7) (1)
16 5 or 14 or 15 (19)
17 limit 16 to english language (18)
18 injur$.af. (459242)
19 9 and 18 (69)
20 limit 19 to english language (53)
21 (hand or wrist).af. (266021)
22 20 and 21 (11)
23 17 or 22 (26)
24 remove duplicates from 23 (25)
25 karate.ti. and 20 (31)
26 23 or 25 (45)
27 remove duplicates from 26 (39)
28 from 27 keep 1-39 (39)
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<1>
Database
MEDLINE
Unique Identifier
10776860
Medline Identifier
20236618
Authors
Zetaruk MN. Violan MA. Zurakowski D. Micheli LJ.
Institution
Division of Sports Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Title
Karate injuries in children and adolescents.
Source
Accident Analysis & Prevention. 32(3):421-5, 2000 May.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To identify risk factors for injury and to establish safety guidelines for children in Uechi-Ryu karate. DESIGN: A 1-year retrospective survey of injuries. SETTING: A private karate school (Uechi-Ryu style) in Plymouth, MA. PATIENTS: A total of 68 athletes (age 6-16 years; mean age 10 years) who participated in karate during the 1995-1996 season. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The presence or absence of injury, with grading of injuries as major, moderate or minor. The types of injuries and body region involved were also analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty eight percent of athletes sustained at least one injury. All injuries were minor, with no time off from training required. The injuries consisted primarily of bruises (11 of 19). Other injuries included mild sprains or strains (5 of 19) and having their 'wind knocked out' (3 of 19). Most injuries were localized to the extremities. Logistic regression analysis identified risk factors for injury. Risk of injury increased with number of years of training (odds ratio 2.95; 95% confidence interval 1.81-4.82; P<0.0001), number of hours per week (odds ratio 2.12; CI 1.15-4.21; P = 0.016) and rank, specifically brown belt versus lower belts (odds ratio 6.56; CI 2.02-21.26; P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Karate is a relatively safe sport for children and adolescents when properly taught. Risk of injury increases with experience; therefore, greater supervision is required of higher ranks. Injury increases with weekly training; however, 3 h a week or less appears to be associated with a low risk of significant injury in this age group.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Entry Date
20000626. Revision Date: 20001218. Update Date: 20020107.
<2>
Database
MEDLINE
Unique Identifier
1772024
Medline Identifier
92125065
Authors
Russo MT. Maffulli N.
Institution
Hospital S. Maria della Misericordia, Department of Orthopaedics, Sorrento, Italy.
Title
Dorsal dislocation of the distal end of the ulna in a judo player.
Source
Acta Orthopaedica Belgica. 57(4):442-6, 1991.
Abstract
A 32-year-old policeman injured his left wrist while engaged in judo training. A distal radio-ulnar dislocation, ulna dorsal, was reduced under general anesthesia, but, as the distal radio-ulnar joint was unstable, a Liebolt's ligamentous reconstruction procedure and a partial excision of the triangular fibrocartilage complex were carried out. The patient could resume his job eight weeks after the operation, and light training after a further six months. The need for proper physical examination and accurate radiographic positioning is stressed.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Entry Date
19920227. Revision Date: 20001218. Update Date: 20020107.
<3>
Database
MEDLINE
Unique Identifier
7211651
Medline Identifier
81156906
Authors
Gordon SK. Scalise A. Felton RM. Jones C. Gordon G.
Title
Uechi-Ryu karate in spinal cord injury rehabilitation: the Sepulveda experience.
Source
American Corrective Therapy Journal. 34(6):166-8, 1980 Nov-Dec.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Entry Date
19810513. Revision Date: 20001218. Update Date: 20020107.
<4>
Database
MEDLINE
Unique Identifier
9972831
Medline Identifier
99137116
Authors
Newell KM. Sprague RL. Pain MT. Deutsch KM. Meinhold P.
Institution
Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA.
Title
Dynamics of self-injurious behaviors.
Source
American Journal of Mental Retardation. 104(1):11-21, 1999 Jan.
Abstract
Self-injurious behavior was examined in a case study of head-banging by an 8-year-old girl with profound mental retardation and an autistic disorder. Trajectories of the arm movements and impact forces of the head blows were determined from a dynamic analysis of videotapes. Results revealed a high degree of cycle-to-cycle consistency in the qualitative dynamics of the limb motions, with one hand motions being faster than those with two hands (inphase and antiphase) and the motions with the helmet about 25% faster than those without the helmet. The impact force of SIBs as a percentage of body weights are near the low end of forces generated in boxing blows and karate hits.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Entry Date
19990331. Revision Date: 20001218. Update Date: 20020107.
<5>
Database
MEDLINE
Unique Identifier
6356944
Medline Identifier
84049851
Authors
Stricevic MV. Patel MR. Okazaki T. Swain BK.
Title
Karate: historical perspective and injuries sustained in national and international tournament competitions.
Source
American Journal of Sports Medicine. 11(5):320-4, 1983 Sep-Oct.
Abstract
Karate injuries sustained in three national and three international tournaments were reviewed. Two hundred and eighty-four athletes participated in 309 matches. Athletes had an average age of 25.5 years, average years of karate practice of 7.7 years, and average years of competitive experience in tournaments of 3.1 years. Athletes were mostly black belts with gradation from brown belt to fourth degree black belt. There were 82 injuries sustained by 76 athletes within 309 matches, with an incidence of one injury in every 3.7 matches or 0.3 injuries per match. There were more injuries among the lower ranked and less experienced athletes, indicating that injuries became less frequent with increased tournament experience. Punches caused more injuries than kicks. Only 16 of the 76 injured athletes were forced to discontinue competition; one athlete was admitted to the hospital for 1 week due to a cerebral concussion.
Publication Type
Historical Article. Journal Article.
Entry Date
19831220. Revision Date: 20011113. Update Date: 20020107.
<6>
Database
MEDLINE
Unique Identifier
5541239
Medline Identifier
71101545
Authors
Nieman EA. Swann PG.
Title
Karate injuries.
Source
BMJ. 1(742):233, 1971 Jan 23.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Entry Date
19710323. Revision Date: 20001218. Update Date: 20020107.
<7>
Database
MEDLINE
Unique Identifier
8520333
Medline Identifier
96096390
Authors
Kujala UM. Taimela S. Antti-Poika I. Orava S. Tuominen R. Myllynen P.
Institution
Unit for Sports and Exercise Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
Title
Acute injuries in soccer, ice hockey, volleyball, basketball, judo, and karate: analysis of national registry data. [see comments.].
Comments
Comment in: BMJ. 1996 Mar 30;312(7034):844 ; 8608301, Comment in: BMJ. 1996 Mar 30;312(7034):844-5 ; 8608303
Source
BMJ. 311(7018):1465-8, 1995 Dec 2.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE--To determine the acute injury profile in each of six sports and compare the injury rates between the sports. DESIGN--Analysis of national sports injury insurance registry data. SETTING--Finland during 1987-91. SUBJECTS--621,691 person years of exposure among participants in soccer, ice hockey, volleyball, basketball, judo, or karate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Acute sports injuries requiring medical treatment and reported to the insurance company on structured forms by the patients and their doctors. RESULTS--54,186 sports injuries were recorded. Injury rates were low in athletes aged under 15, while 20-24 year olds had the highest rates. Differences in injury rates between the sports were minor in this adult age group. Overall injury rates were higher in sports entailing more frequent and powerful body contact. Each sport had a specific injury profile. Fractures and dental injuries were most common in ice hockey and karate and least frequent in volleyball. Knee injuries were the most common cause of permanent disability. CONCLUSIONS--Based on the defined injury profiles in the different sports it is recommended that sports specific preventive measures should be employed to decrease the number of violent contacts between athletes, including improved game rules supported by careful refereeing. To prevent dental injuries the wearing of mouth guards should be encouraged, especially in ice hockey, karate, and basketball.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Entry Date
19960122. Revision Date: 20011126. Update Date: 20020107.
<8>
Database
MEDLINE
Unique Identifier
11579062
Medline Identifier
21462421
Authors
Gartland S. Malik MH. Lovell ME.
Institution
Department of Orthopaedics, Withington Hospital, Manchester M20 2LR, UK.
Title
Injury and injury rates in Muay Thai kick boxing.
Source
British Journal of Sports Medicine. 35(5):308-13, 2001 Oct.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:To determine the type and number of injuries that occur during the training and practice of Muay Thai kick boxing and to compare the data obtained with those from previous studies of karate and taekwondo. METHODS:One to one interviews using a standard questionnaire on injuries incurred during training and practice of Muay Thai kick boxing were conducted at various gyms and competitions in the United Kingdom and a Muay Thai gala in Holland. RESULTS:A total of 152 people were questioned, 132 men and 20 women. There were 19 beginners, 82 amateurs, and 51 professionals. Injuries to the lower extremities were the most common in all groups. Head injuries were the second most common in professionals and amateurs. Trunk injuries were the next most common in beginners. The difference in injury distribution among the three groups was significant (p< or =0.01). Soft tissue trauma was the most common type of injury in the three groups. Fractures were the second most common in professionals, and in amateurs and beginners it was sprains and strains (p< or =0.05). Annual injury rates were: beginners, 13.5/1000 participants; amateurs, 2.43/1000 participants; professionals, 2.79/1000 participants. For beginners, 7% of injuries resulted in seven or more days off training; for amateurs and professionals, these values were 4% and 5.8% respectively. CONCLUSIONS:The results are similar to those found for karate and taekwondo with regard to injury distribution, type, and rate. The percentage of injuries resulting in time off training is less.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Entry Date
20011204. Update Date: 20020109.
<9>
Database
MEDLINE
Unique Identifier
10378069
Medline Identifier
99305832
Authors
Critchley GR. Mannion S. Meredith C.
Institution
Atkinson Morley Neuroscience Centre, Wimbledon, London, UK.
Title
Injury rates in Shotokan karate.
Source
British Journal of Sports Medicine. 33(3):174-7, 1999 Jun.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To document the injury rate in three British Shotokan karate championships in consecutive years. In these tournaments strict rules governed contact, with only "light" or "touch" contact allowed. Protective padding for the head, hands, or feet was prohibited. METHODS: Prospective recording of injuries resulting from 1770 bouts in three national competitions of 1996, 1997, and 1998. Details of ages and years of karate experience were also obtained. RESULTS: 160 injuries were sustained in 1770 bouts. The overall rate of injury was 0.09 per bout and 0.13 per competitor. 91 (57%) injuries were to the head. The average age of those injured was 22 years, with an average of nine years of experience in karate. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of protective padding does not result in higher injury rates than in most other series of Shotokan karate injuries. Strict refereeing is essential, however, to maintain control and minimise contact.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Entry Date
19990819. Revision Date: 20001218. Update Date: 20020107.
<10>
Database
Current Contents/All Editions
Accession Number
200LP-0011
Authors
Richards P.
Title
Injury rates in Shotokan karate - Commentary
Source
British Journal of Sports Medicine. 33(3):177, 1999 Jun.
Publication Type
Editorial Material
Institution
Reprint available from:
Richards P
Radcliffe Infirm
Oxford OX2 6HE
England
Radcliffe Infirm
Oxford OX2 6HE
England
<11>
Database
MEDLINE
Unique Identifier
7248692
Medline Identifier
81233605
Authors
McLatchie G.
Title
Karate and karate injuries.
Source
British Journal of Sports Medicine. 15(1):84-6, 1981 Mar.
Abstract
The origins of karate and its evolution as a sport are described. Karate injuries tend to occur in three main areas: the head and neck, the viscera, and the limbs. Effective legislation controlling karate, which could help prevent injuries, is lacking at the moment and should be established. Recommendations for the prevention of injury include the introduction of weight classes, mandatory provision of protective equipment such as padded flooring, and the outlawing of certain uncontrollable methods of attack.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Entry Date
19810925. Revision Date: 20011102. Update Date: 20020107.
<12>
Database
MEDLINE
Unique Identifier
8808544
Medline Identifier
96404266
Authors
Mars JS. Pimenides D.
Institution
Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales, UK.
Title
Blinding choroidal rupture in a karateka.
Source
British Journal of Sports Medicine. 29(4):273-4, 1995 Dec.
Abstract
A case of uniocular visual loss secondary to trauma sustained during a competitive karate bout is reported.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Entry Date
19961127. Revision Date: 20001218. Update Date: 20020107.
<13>
Database
MEDLINE
Unique Identifier
3995229
Medline Identifier
85200474
Authors
Crosby AC.
Title
The hands of karate experts. Clinical and radiological findings.
Source
British Journal of Sports Medicine. 19(1):41-2, 1985 Mar.
Abstract
The hands and wrists of 22 karate instructors who had practiced the sport for a minimum of five years were reviewed. Radiological evidence of a total of ten fractures was found. There was no evidence that practice of the sport predisposed to the early onset of chronic tenosynovitis or osteoarthritis.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Entry Date
19850624. Revision Date: 20001218. Update Date: 20020107.
<14>
Database
MEDLINE
Unique Identifier
8000822
Medline Identifier
95093934
Authors
Mbubaegbu CE. Percy AJ.
Institution
Queen Mary's Hospital, Sidcup, Kent, UK.
Title
Femoral osteochondral fracture--a non-contact injury in martial arts? A case report.
Source
British Journal of Sports Medicine. 28(3):203-5, 1994 Sep.
Abstract
A report of a case of osteochondral fracture of the lateral femoral condyle in a patient doing a karate kick. The problems related to fixation of osteochondral fragments with protruding screws are highlighted and the suitability of Herbert screw fixation noted.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Entry Date
19950123. Revision Date: 20001218. Update Date: 20020107.
<15>
Database
MEDLINE
Unique Identifier
465905
Medline Identifier
79233327
Authors
McLatchie GR.
Title
Recommendations for medical officers attending karate competitions.
Source
British Journal of Sports Medicine. 13(1):36-7, 1979 Apr.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Entry Date
19791024. Revision Date: 20001218. Update Date: 20020107.
<16>
Database
MEDLINE
Unique Identifier
3730762
Medline Identifier
86270761
Authors
Nielsen TH. Jensen LS.
Title
Pancreatic transection during karate training.
Source
British Journal of Sports Medicine. 20(2):82-3, 1986 Jun.
Abstract
A case report of total transection of the pancreas occurring during karate training is described. The clinical features and delayed diagnosis are discussed.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Entry Date
19860917. Revision Date: 20001218. Update Date: 20020107.
<17>
Database
MEDLINE
Unique Identifier
3233459
Medline Identifier
89167500
Authors
Johannsen HV. Noerregaard FO.
Institution
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aarhus County Hospital, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
Title
Prevention of injury in karate.
Source
British Journal of Sports Medicine. 22(3):113-5, 1988 Sep.
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to analyse the effect of knuckle protection on the type and incidence of injuries in traditional karate contests. Knuckle protection was mandatory at the Danish karate championships 1983 and 1986 (290 matches, 0.26 injuries per match), and prohibited at the championships 1984 and 1985 (620 matches, 0.25 injuries per match). Head injuries were more common in the tournaments where fist pads were used. The incidences of transitory psychomotor disturbances following blows to the head were comparable. The severity of head injuries, however, decreased; minor head injuries dominated when fist pads were used (66%, compared with 44% without fist pads, p less than 0.01) and there were fewer lacerations and fractures. Injuries to the fingers or hands were also fewer--1.3% compared with 11% without protection (p less than 0.01). The use of fist pads reduced considerably the number of injuries requiring treatment (from 42% to 16%, p less than 0.01). In conclusion; fist pads offer some protection against injuries, especially to the hands, but additional measures are needed.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Entry Date
19890502. Revision Date: 20001218. Update Date: 20020107.
<18>
Database
MEDLINE
Unique Identifier
884435
Medline Identifier
77222977
Authors
McLatchie GR. Morris EW.
Title
Prevention of karate injuries--a progress report.
Source
British Journal of Sports Medicine. 11(2):78-82, 1977 Jun.
Abstract
Methods of preventing karate injuries are discussed. These fall into three groups:--1. Prevention by control. 2. Prevention by using protective clothing. 3. Pre-fight medical examination. The results of the above methods in reducing the incidence of injury in karate competitions are described. After a follow up one year (1102 fights) it is concluded that the incidence and severity of karate injuries has been reduced significantly thus making the sport safer.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Entry Date
19770922. Revision Date: 20001218. Update Date: 20020107.
<19>
Database
MEDLINE
Unique Identifier
10798793
Medline Identifier
20256651
Authors
Zetaruk MN. Zurakowski D. Violan MA. Micheli LJ.
Institution
Division of Sports Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Title
Safety recommendations in Shotokan karate.
Source
Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 10(2):117-22, 2000 Apr.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To study risk factors for injury in karate and to establish safety recommendations. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey of karate injuries. SETTING: Shotokan karate clubs in Boston, Massachusetts, Dallas, Texas, and Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. PARTICIPANTS: All athletes training at each club received surveys. A total of 114 surveys were analyzed (74% response rate). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence of injuries (requiring any time off from practice), major injuries (requiring at least 7 days off), and multiple injuries (3 or more injuries). RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found with respect to sex. For all outcomes, karateka younger than 18 years of age had fewer injuries. The number of karateka with injuries and with multiple injuries increased with belt rank until brown belt, then reached a plateau. Brown and black belts had a greater frequency of major injuries than the lower ranks. Training more than 3 hours per week correlated with an increase in injuries, major injuries, and multiple injuries. CONCLUSION: Shotokan karate appears to be a safe sport, especially for those younger than 18 years of age. Risk of injury increases significantly when younger karateka of any rank or older karateka of lower ranks train more than 3 hours per week; therefore, to reduce the risk of injury to less than 50%, weekly training should be limited to a maximum of 3 hours in these groups.