Crisis, Realignment, and the Post Cold War World, 1975-1991
Cold War: ______between the world powers at the time
Proxy wars: ______to indirectly fight each other
Revolutions, Repressions, and Democratic Reform in Latin America
Failures to overthrow: ______which would not be dominatedNationalized:
Redistributed: theFears of: spread of communism throughout-
Solution: supported ______in Latin America who were at least not-
Brazilian Solution 1964: military fearing openness to communism ______government, ______squads, torture, thousands ______, imprisoned, expelled from nation to keep-
Allende and Chile in the 1970’s: Allende, ______copper, a socialist, overthrown, revolution sponsored by the-
Argentina and Pinochet, 1973: takes over (supported by the- ), thousands killed, tortured without-
Dirty Wars of Argentina: after Peron, ______killed, thousands tortured, led by the military against-
Nicaragua and Somoza: American backed dictator kicked out by -
the Sandinistas (1979): ______, overthrew government, helped from ______, and the USSR
Nationalized:
Jimmy Carter (1977-1981): limited funding to bad governments, willing to ______where possible
Ronald Regan (1981-1989) and the Nicaraguan Revolution: his goal was to limit or-
Fears of another Vietnam: limited options from Congress who was unwilling to______in Central America
The Contras: counterrevolutionaries (______) in Nicaragua, financed by Regan, legally and illegally, thousands killed in civil war that was fueled by ______support, which supported-
El Salvador and the FMLN: ______rebels in the country
U.S. provided: hundreds of millions to support a ______El Salvador-
RCC Archbishop Oscar Romero: ______by the army we-
Leftists faded in popularity with fall of:
Falkland War, Argentina and Great Britain (1982): Argentina attempted takeover these ______off coast of Argentina, Argentinean nationalism inspired, aquick victory for-
Margaret Thatcher, “The ______”: the ______PM of Britain led the nation at the time
Pinochet, dictator of Chile, lost in a fair: ______in 1988, peaceful results
By 1991, 95% of Latin America: ruled by civilians ______war or killing followed by a peaceful transition as people grew tired.
Mexico, Venezuela, Oil Boom and Bust (the 1980’s):______while oil prices were ______, 80’s ______(oil prices ______, economically difficult as income ______)
1982, Mexico: declared it ______afford to repay their debts to those who lent them money
Debt limited growth: in
U.S. in Latin America, 1980’s and 90’s, very:
Regan and Grenada (1983): ______this Caribbean island kicking out a pro ______/ pro-Cuban government that had taken over in a ______, ______Americans killed, the UN ______our invasion-we ______this at Security Council
President George H. W. Bush (1989-1993), Manuel Noriega (dictator), and Panama (1989): drug ______that had worked for the ______and had turned to ______led to the American ______(1989) that resulted in Noriega’s ______and the Panamanians generally happy he was-
Islamic World
Iran, the Shah, the U.S. and coups: The Iranian PM Mossadegh ______British oil company and was kicked out of power by a ______that established the pro-______Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in power
The Shah very-
Iranian Revolution (1979): upset Muslims rose up, against –
Ayatollah Khomeini and the “Islamic Republic”: Shiite cleric ______who returned to Iran and took over
Voting but with final say: going to the- Funded spread: of
Feared and seen as rival: by Sunni led ______like Iraq
Social results: women limited, the veil, against-
Great Satan:Little Satan:
Iran Hostage Crisis 1979 (______days):some Iranians blamed ______for ______Shah, The U.S. ______was ______, ______American hostages taken, Jimmy ______attempted failed rescue ______(American helicopters crashed into each other in the Iranian desert killing ____ U.S. soldiers and further ______U.S.); hostages release the released with Regan’s first-
Saddam Husain of Iraq (1980): invade ______, we ______him out of frustration
Saddam’s Baathist Party: Arab Nationalism, Sunni minority ruled Shia majority, ______, feared Shia religious Iran
Iran-Contra Affair (1986): U.S. illegally sold ______to get hostages in Lebanon released, send profits to-
Iran-Iraq War: ___ years of war, we aided ______, Saddam used ______weapons on Iran, killed ______by gas, Iran used ______soldiers, war dead=
“scores of boys, aged anywhere from nine to sixteen, who said with staggering and seemingly genuine enthusiasm that they had volunteered to become martyrs. Regular army troops…..[and]…mullahs all lauded these youths, known as baseeji [Basij], for having played the most dangerous role in breaking through Iraqi lines. They had led the way, running over fields of mines to clear the ground for the Iranian ground assault. Wearing white headbands to signify the embracing of death, and shouting "Shaheed, shaheed" (Martyr, martyr) they literally blew their way into heaven. Their numbers were never disclosed. But a walk through the residential suburbs of Iranian cities provided a clue. Window after window, block after block, displayed black-bordered photographs of teenage or preteen youths.” [Wright, Robin (2001). Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam (Updated ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p.37]
Afghanistan, 1978-1989:USSR ______to create a ______dictatorship
Mujahedeen: ______in Afghanistan
Soviet Invasion/ Occupation of Afghanistan (1979-89):______invade to prop up an unpopular ______government
The Soviet “Vietnam”: would leave unsuccessful in ______, they killed around ______Afghans
The U.S. ______the Mujahedeen with ______Missiles allowing Afghans to shoot down the feared Soviet attack-
In the post war chaos the religious ______government would take over
The nucleus of: Al Qaeda who had-
Asia
Japan experienced: ______growth of any nation in the-
Average income was higher than that of:
Success through close cooperation between: government and industry
South Korea, leader in:
Hyundai: example of growth of-
Asian Tigers= Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore:______economic growth
NIE’s (Newly Industrialized Economies):
Korean engineers= same number as Germany+ Britain+ Sweden
Deng Xiaoping: Chinese ______, role of ______initiative and wealth,
foreign investment:
private market forces:
93% of land in private hands: ______food production
1980-1993, Chinese economy:
Growth; World average, ____%; Japan’s average ___%, China’s,: ______%!
However Average income for china low,-
Tiananmen Square (1989): student protestors were stopped, ______, ______dead, economic reforms=______, political reforms=
Soviet Union
Gorbachev, glasnost (______), perestroika (______): reforms
1989: ______communism in Eastern Europe through______, Fall of-
1991: end -
Collapse of Communism
Pope John Paul II and Poland:
Solidarity, group in Poland: that challenged working and social conditions, called for-
Soviet Union could no longer prop: up eastern block nations
1989: communism ends , berlin wall
1990: Germany
1990, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia: declared -
The Persian Gulf War
1990, Saddam Hussein’s Iraq: invaded
US led coalition of ½ million: defeated -
Smart bombs: targeted -
Saddam Hussein crushed rebels in the north and south of Iraq, mainly Kurds:
US enforced: ______which Saddam regularly shot at -
Finally overcoming Vietnam Syndrome:
Khmer Rouge in Cambodia ( 1975-79): ______government which killed their own people, led by the dictator ______who killed ______million of his own people or ¼ of all Cambodians and placed them in ______(“The Killing Fields”)
Battle of Mogadishu (1993): ______in Somalia (300,000-500,000 died), U.S. marines ______order, Blackhawk Down and RPG, Dead: ______U.S./ ______Somalis, U.S. withdrawal, Bin Laden and U.S. as-
1994 Rwandan Genocide: ______Days, ______dead, Hutu ______vs Tutsi-
After fall of Communism, communist Yugoslavia spit on-
1990’s Ethnic Cleansing as Bosnian Muslim minority groups were targeted and killed by Bosnian Serbs
(1999) U.S. bombed ______forces to stop -
NAFTA: ______agreement between U.S., Canada, and Mexico
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948):UN supported notion of rights regardless of-
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