Crime and Deviance notes
Functionalism (structural theories)- Durkheim
Crime can be beneficial
Boundaries, Cohesion, Progress, Employment, Warning, Safety valve
Crime can be negative
Shows lack of attachment= Anomie
Merton- Consensus to follow goals of society- crime results from not being to meet these goals
Conform,Ritual, Retreat, Rebellion, Innovate,
Cohen-Status frustration (criticism Miller FAT SET)
Hirschi- Bonds of Attachment (Commitment, Attachment, Belief, Involvement)
Evaluation: Cultural deprivation, Law’s origin not considered, Accept statistics, Mind ignored.
New Right
Fusion liberalism and conservatism
Cultural deprivation-
MurrayWelfare state
Marsland single parents
Wilson
Permissive society
Evaluation: Carrabine, Real causes, Impact (Realist- Wilson, Etzioni, Platt and Takagi p81)
Marxism- Traditional Marxism-Marx-Basis for law, Control, Hegemony, Enforcement, MotivationChambliss- vagrancyMiliband, Slapper and Tombs (p20)
Criticism- victims, one dimensional
New Criminology-
Taylor, Walton and Young- origin, act, reaction, outcome
Left Realists- Stuart Hall- Policing the Crisis
Criticism- Hirst, Rock, Carlen, Matza Denial- Wrongdoing, Hurt, Injury, Responsibility, rulemakers
Marxist subcultural Theory
Centre for Contemporary Cultural studies- ideological, economic
Brake- magical
Miller- wc youth- Fate, Autonomy, Toughness, Smartness, Excitement, Trouble (FAT SET)
Criticism- Cohen, Blackman, Thornton
Neo Marxist- Hebdige,
Left Realism-(also Currie, Young Rel dep, Marg, Sub, p 81)
Lea and Young State, Offender, Society, Victim
Modernity and crime- Actuarial- Giddens, Beck, O’Malley, Feeley and Simon, Crim of Other-Garland, YoungPostmodernity- no coherence, Thrills Katz, Lyng, Connell, Messerschmidt, Levin and McDevitt, Fenwick and Hayward Shame and self-esteem- Scheff, Anderson Constitutive- Henry and Milovanovic
Dealing with crime- Social control- Informal ,Formal
Cohen- Identity, Penetration, Size and density
Feeley and Simon actuarialism (patrol, privatisation disciplining)
Davis- space
Punishment-
Durkheim- mechanistic, retribution, organic, restitutive law
Rusche and Kircheimer
Foucalt-
The Police- Consensual approach, Conflict policing (Reiner) Discretion Policing (Reiner-
Individualistic, Cultural [canteen culture [Graef]- suspicious, internal, conservatism, masculinity] Structural (Tarling)
Strain and Subcultural Theories- Origin-Merton- Consensus to follow goals of society- crime results from not being to meet these goals Conform, Ritual, Retreat, Rebellion, Innovate
Valier
Opportunity- Cloward and Ohlin, Dick Hobbs,
Frustration- Cohenethnographic, Chicago School WC boys (only females, complicated)
Focal concerns- MillerFAT SET- Box is this only WC values?
British subculture- Parker, Downes
Subterranean Values- MATZA techniques of neutralization
Paradox of inclusion- Nightingale, Merton, Bourgois
Postmodernism- Lyng edgework, Neo-Tribes Maffesoli
Masculinity- Collison, Connell, WinlowASBOS
Labelling Theory/ Interactionism- Becker, Malinowski- islanders and incest, Kitsuse
Criticism- Akers-
Rule enforcement- Lemert- primary and secondary deviance, master status= ASBOS
Rejecting Labels- Reiss
Becker- creating rules, Cannabis, moral crusades
Values- Liazos, Gouldner
Media- Wilkins- deviancy amplificationJock Young drugs- Cohen moral panics, folk devils
Criticism- McRobbie and Thornton- Difficulty,Reflexivity, Rebound, Frequency, Context
Patterns of crime-Statistics- Police recorded- HO, OS, Reporting- Social construction (patriarchal, Heidensohn, Adler), Recording, Role Police (Pollack), Role Courts, Role government Victim Surveys- BCS, Local VS, Islington, Media Self Report-
Data explosion- Maguire, Garland
Types of offences- property-, Violent
Victims- gender, class, geog Shaw and McKay, Baldwin and Bottoms (p27) Repeat victimization-
Explanations of victimization- Left realism-Lea and Young FEMINISM- Walklate, Walby and Allen
Fear-Ethnicity-Park, terrorism. Gender- women (Heidensohn, Walklate, Harding, Carlen) and men (Cohen Miller Messerschmidt) Age-
Reliability- Hall, Alexander, MacPherson Phillips and Bowling Mhlanga Hood
Gender and crime-Female- Invisible- Heidensohn, (SOTI) Sex Role Theory- Parsons,Farrington and Painter Social control- Heidensohn, Hagan , Marginalization.
Liberationist- Adler, Denscombe, Laidler andHunt, Westwood
Transgression- Postmodernist- Carlen, Smart
Women and sentencing- Hedderman and Hough, Heidensohn, Farrington and Morris,
Pollack, Chivalry thesis, Flood-Page, Walklate, Eagle
Male-Normative-Connell, Cohen focal concerns,Miller, Messerschmidt,Katz, Lyng, Winlow, Wilson.
Occupational and Corporate crime-Sutherland- definition. Nelken debate, Pearce and Tombs cigarettes alcohol
Distinctions- Corporate- Left realist Conklin, Enron, Carson, Michalowski and Kramer, Box
Obstacles- Box’s four Gvt, Empl, Cons, Public Occupational- Ditton, Mars, Clarke, Levi, Parsons
6 Causes- Personality- Gross Differential Sutherland, Aubert, Braithwaite Emotion Portnoy, Lyng and Katz, PunchLabelling Mars, Nelken Anomie Merton, Box, Braithwaite, Punch, Nelken
Marxist Swartz, Pearce, Slapper and Tombs Carrabine, Nelken
Ethnicity and crime-
Official Statistics- 9% people arrested are Black, 5% Asian. 3 times more likely Waddington et al
Victimization surveys- Intraracial 88% white vrs white, 42% Black v black, 19% Asians v Asians lots of White vrs Black- data dubious 20% personal so don’t know Bowling. Self Report- Graham and Bowling
Sentencing- AC more in custody, AC 17% more than white imprisoned. Bowling and Phillips. Punichment 7.8 times higher than expected proportion.
Policing- Mayhew et alyoung males poor, Phillips and Bowling AC high arrest rate Racist police? Lord Scarman, canteen Culture Reiner, Smith and Gray, Holdaway, Graef, Institutional racism StephenLawrence murdered Macpherson Enquiry, Bowling and Phillips
Theorizing Left realist- Lea and Young, Capitalism in crisis- Hall, Culture of Resistance Scraton, Gordon, Young
Exclusion and alternative economiesCloward and Ohlin, Bourgois
Statistical Artefact- Fitzgerald et al
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