Dynamics of Collective Action, 1960-1995

Procedures for Mapping a Policy Agenda Project Code Onto Each Protest Event from DAC

February 25, 2010

Candy Ku, Pat Rafail & Dan Wang

Introduction

The “crosswalk”generated claims codes for the Dynamics of Collective Action(DCA) data that are comparable with Baumgartner and Jones’ Policy Agendas Project(PAP) topic codes, which is called AGENDA_CODE in the dataset. Two major procedures were used: first, the majority of the cases were recoded based on a similar substantive topic grouping for both the DCA and PAP. Second, a total of 3,294 cases were examined individually and given appropriate PAP codes. These cases either had DCA values 1350 (Not In My Backyard), 1400 (Other Claims), and 1713 (Historical Grievances, Anti-Land Seizures), or had impossible values due to minor errors in data entry. Please note: only CLAIM1 was used in the crosswalk procedure.

Some events do not have PAP codes that are compatible with their claim (CLAIM1). For these events, the PAP code of 99 (“Other, Miscellaneous, and Human Interest”) was assigned. DCA claims codes (CLAIM1) for these events tend to also be 1350, 1400, and 1713(See Table A2 for some examples of these events). Users should also bear in mind that the PAP codes do not always align perfectly with the DCA codes. A prime example is the DCA code of 2517 (“Racial/Ethnic Conflicts, Riots, Melees, Confrontations”), which has the PAP code of 201 (“Racial Discrimination”). Another prime example is the DCA code of 2503 (“Anti-Semitism”), which has the PAP code of 207 (“Freedom of Speech and Religion”). Other examples have implications on the scope of analysis: for instance, for events with the DCA code of 711 (“Anti-Vietnam War”) with the PAP code of 1619 (“Direct war-related issues”), the DCA code is arguably more specific than the PAP code. And, there are examples that have implications for the level of analysis. For example, many local events in the DCA database do not, by definition, have a PAP code, which tend to be more federally derived (see Table A2 below for concrete examples). Thus, users should consult the complete list of DCA and PAP codes (see Table A1 below) and consider the codes that best match their research needs when working with the data. It is important to note that only the ‘CLAIM1’ variable in the DCA was used to construct the crosswalk. A full listing of the PAP codes we used is available at: (accessed 11/02/2009).

Generating the Crosswalk in Detail

To construct the claim-based recoding, two research assistants involved with the Policy Agendas project independently created a list of plausible values using the full listing of the DCACLAIM1 values as a baseline. Upon completion, the results were compared, and any disagreements were discussed until a consensus emerged. During this process, it became apparent that certain claims codes (i.e., 1350, 1400, and 1713) could not be reliably coded using the CLAIM1 values alone. These were added to a list of cases that had either impossible or missing values for CLAIM1. A complete listing of the DCA codes and the corresponding PAP values is appended as Table A1.

For the cases that were examined individually, a group of research assistants on the PAPproject developed two central steps to assure comparability. First, the original article for each event was located in the New York Times Historical Archive and read in its entirety. Second, codes from the PAP were selected that corresponded to the values in the claims-based recoding. Any particularly difficult cases were sent to a senior research assistant on the PAP for final review.

Table A1: Crosswalk between the Dynamics of Collective Action and Policy Agendas Project codes
DCA Code
CLAIM1 / CLAIM1 Description / PAP Code
AGENDA_CODE / Policy Agendas Code Description
200 / Anti-Nuclear (Power) Movement / 801 / Nuclear energy and Nuclear Regulatory Commission
300 / Anti-Immigrant, Anti-Foreigner, Anti-Asylum Movement / 530 / Immigration and Refugee issues
400 / Small or Family Farmers or Organic Movement (Not Farmworkers) / 499 / Agricultural/other
500 / Anti-“Transnational Union” Movements / 504 / Employee Relations and Labor Unions
501 / Anti-NAFTA / 1802 / Trade negotiations, disputes, agreements
502 / Anti-UN / 1926 / IOs other than finance
503 / Anti-NATO / 1602 / U.S. and Other Defense Alliances,
U.S Security Assistance
600 / Women's Civil Rights, general / 202 / Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
603 / Federal/state funding for women’s initiatives / 202 / Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
604 / Anti-Violence against women / 202 / Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
606 / Equal Pay/Comparable worth / 202 / Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
607 / Gender quotas/Affirmative Action / 202 / Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
608 / Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) / 202 / Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
609 / More positive media depictions, more / 202 / Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
610 / Anti-Discrimination in Employment / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
611 / Equality in Education / 600 / Education/combination
700 / Peace, pacifism, general / 1619 / Manpower, military personnel, and dependents
702 / Disarmament, general / 1605 / Arms Control and Nuclear nonproliferation
703 / Anti-Atomic testing / 1605 / Arms Control and Nuclear nonproliferation
704 / Anti-Atomic weapons (construction, purchase, distribution, storage) / 1605 / Arms Control and Nuclear nonproliferation
705 / Anti-Biological/chemical weapons / 1605 / Arms Control and Nuclear nonproliferation
708 / Anti-Afghanistan War / 1619 / Direct war-related issues
709 / Anti-Gulf War / 1619 / Direct war-related issues
710 / Anti-Yugoslavia War / 1619 / Direct war-related issues
711 / Anti-Vietnam War / 1619 / Direct war-related issues
712 / Anti-Military maneuvers / 1614
713 / Anti-Military infrastructure / 1611 / Military installations, construction, Land transfers
721 / Anti-Export of conventional weapons / 1605 / Arms Control and Nuclear nonproliferation
DCA Code
CLAIM1 / CLAIM1 Description / PAP Code
AGENDA_CODE / Policy Agendas Code Description
722 / Anti-Conventional weapons (construction, purchase, distribution, storage) / 1209 / Police, fire, and weapons Control
723 / Anti-Draft / 1619 / Manpower, military personnel, and dependents
726 / Anti-Korean War / 1619 / Direct war-related issues
727 / Anti-US Military Involvement in Cuba / 1914 / Latin America
728 / Anti-ROTC, Military/CIA recruitment / 1619 / Manpower, military personnel, and dependents
729 / Anti- US Involvement in non-US Wars / 1619 / Direct war-related issues
740 / Pro- Retrieving or Recovering POW/MIAs / 1619 / Manpower, military personnel, and dependents
741 / Anti-US Involvement in Central Amer. / 1914 / Latin America
1000 / International Human and Civil Rights/Democratization / 1925 / Human rights
1006 / Anti-Apartheid/Pro-University or Corporate Divestment / 1912 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
1100 / Environment, general / 700 / Environment/general
1103 / Soil protection / 711 / Land and water conservation
1106 / Landscape protection (plants, trees) / 709 / species and forest protection
1107 / Reducing noise pollution / 705 / Air pollution, global warming, noise pollution
1108 / Air quality protection / 705 / Air pollution, global warming, noise pollution
1109 / Anti-Current Method of Solid Waste disposal / 703 / Waste disposal
1110 / Limiting waste/recycle / 707 / Recycling
1111 / Restriction of Pharmaceutical/chemicals / 704 / Hazardous waste and Toxic Chemical
Regulation, Treatment, and disposal
1113 / Water quality protection / 701 / Drinking water safety
1114 / Rainforest Preservation / 709 / species and forest protection
1115 / Ozone Protection to prevent Global Warming, etc. / 705 / Air pollution, global warming, noise pollution
1116 / Zero Population Growth, as environmental issue / 799 / Environment - Other
1300 / Miscellaneous Social Issues / 1300 / Social welfare/general
1302 / Legalization of Illegal Substances / 1203 / Illegal Drug Production, Trafficking, and Control
1305 / Increasing prices, general / 101 / Inflation, Prices, and Interest Rates
1306 / Tax Increases / 107 / Taxation, tax policy, tax reform
1311 / Plight of Homeless / 1409 / Housing assistance for homeless and homeless issues
1318 / Tenants' Rights Movement / 1401 / Housing and Community Development
1323 / Social Security Benefits / 1303 / Poverty and assistance for low-income families
DCA Code
CLAIM1 / CLAIM1 Description / PAP Code
AGENDA_CODE / Policy Agendas Code Description
1324 / Medicaid/Medicare Benefits / 301 / Comprehensive healthcare reform
1325 / AFDC/ADC (“Welfare”) or Unemployment Benefits / 1302 / Employee benefits
1326 / Drug Control / 1203 / Illegal Drug Production, Trafficking, and Control
1327 / Gun Control / 1209 / Police, fire, and weapons Control
1328 / Drunk Driving / 342 / Alcohol Abuse and Treatment
1329 / Healthy Nutrition/School Lunches / 1301 / Food stamps and nutrition monitoring programs
1330 / Consumer Protection / 1525 / Consumer safety and consumer fraud
1331 / Housing Issues Other / 1400 / Community Development and Housing Issues/General
1333 / Poverty/hunger, general / 1302 / Poverty and assistance for low-income families
1334 / Government surveillance/Prosecution of Protesters / 209 / Anti-government activities
1335 / Child abuse, sexual crimes / 1207 / child abuse and child pornography
1336 / Political figure / 2099 / Government Operations/Other
1337 / Anti-Crime Movement / 1211 / Riots and Crime Prevention
1338 / Government policy, n.e.c. / 2000 / Government Operations/General
1340 / Freedom of Speech/Assembly / 207 / Freedom of speech & religion
1341 / Veteran’s Issues (not incl. POW) / 1609 / VA issues
1342 / Education / 600 / Education/combination
1343 / Victims’ Rights / 1211 / Riots and Crime Prevention
1344 / Prisoners’ Rights / 1205 / Prisons
1345 / Death Penalty / 1210 / Criminal and Civil code
1351 / Misc. Religious Claims / 3100 / Religion/General
1352 / Anti-Pornography / 207 / Freedom of speech and religion
1353 / AIDS/HIV Prevention, HIV/AIDS Victims’ Rights / 331 / Prevention, communicable diseases & health promotion
1500 / African American Civil Rights, general / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
1501 / Any Desegregation Claim as applied to African Americans / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
1502 / Pro-Voting Rights/Political Power / 206 / Voting rights and issues
1505 / Anti-Discrimination in Housing or Employment / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
1506 / Affirmative Action, as applied solely to African Americans / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
1509 / Black Pride, entrepreneurship, separatist / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
DCA Code
CLAIM1 / CLAIM1 Description / PAP Code
AGENDA_CODE / Policy Agendas Code Description
1517 / Reduction of Black Poverty / 1302 / Poverty and assistance for low-income families
1518 / Anti-Police Brutality/Harassment / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
1519 / More positive media depictions / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
1520 / Anti- Environmental Racism / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
1600 / Gay and Lesbian Rights, general / 202 / Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
1602 / Gay rights (males) / 202 / Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
1603 / Lesbian rights (female) / 202 / Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
1604 / Pro-Cohabitation/Domestic Partners / 202 / Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
1605 / Pro-Same Sex Marriage / 202 / Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
1606 / Anti-Discrimination in Housing or Employment / 202 / Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
1608 / Increased Funding for AIDS/HIV Research / 331 / Prevention, communicable diseases, and prevention
1609 / Anti-FDA Bureaucracy which slows down the approval of AIDS Medication / 331 / Prevention, communicable diseases, and prevention
1610 / More positive media depictions / 202 / Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
1611 / Anti-Police Brutality/Harassment / 202 / Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
1612 / Anti-Political Under-representation / 202 / Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
1700 / Native Am. Civil Rights, general / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
1705 / Anti-Environmental Racism / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
1708 / Anti-Police Brutality/Harassment / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
1709 / Anti-Discrimination in Housing or Employment / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
1711 / More positive media depictions / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
1712 / Anti-Political Under-representation / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
1800 / Mexican Am. Civil Rights, general / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
1803 / Anti-Environmental Racism / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
1804 / Pro-Bicultural/Bilingual education / 602 / Elementary and Secondary Education
1805 / Anti-Discrimination in Housing or Employment / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
1807 / More Positive Media Depictions / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
1808 / Anti-Police Brutality/Harassment / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
1809 / Anti-Political Under-representation / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
1810 / Affirmative Action, as applied to Mexican Americans / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
DCA Code
CLAIM1 / CLAIM1 Description / PAP Code
AGENDA_CODE / Policy Agendas Code Description
1900 / Asian Am. Civil Rights, general / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
1902 / Compensation for WWII Internment of Japanese Americans / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
1903 / Anti-Discrimination in Housing or Employment / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
1907 / Anti-Environmental Racism / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
1908 / More Positive Media Depictions, more / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
1912 / Anti-Police Brutality/Harassment / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
2000 / Pan Latino Civil Rights, general / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
2001 / Pro-Bicultural/Bilingual education / 602 / Elementary and Secondary Education
2002 / Anti-Environmental Racism / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
2003 / More Positive Media Depictions / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
2004 / Anti-Discrimination in Housing or Employment / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
2006 / Anti-Police Brutality/Harassment / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
2007 / Affirmative Action, as applied to all or several Latino groups / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
2020 / Anti-Castro/Cuba / 1914 / Latin America
2021 / Puerto Rican Nationalism / 2105 / U.S. Dependencies and Territorial Issues
2022 / Other movement on behalf of non-Latino group / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
2100 / Disabled Civil Rights, general / 205 / Handicap or disease discrimination
2101 / Access for Disabled / 205 / Handicap or disease discrimination
2102 / Anti-Discrimination in Housing or Employment or Schools / 205 / Handicap or disease discrimination
2104 / More Positive Media Depictions, more depictions,
fewer negative depictions / 205 / Handicap or disease discrimination
2105 / Provision of more humane medical treatment for disabled / 334 / Long-term care, home health, terminally ill,
and rehabilitation services
2106 / Increase funding for disabled programs, hospitals,
rehabilitation centers, etc. / 334 / Long-term care, home health, terminally ill,
and rehabilitation services
2200 / Civil Rights--Farm Workers/Migrant / 603 / Migrant and Seasonal workers, Farm Labor issues
2300 / Civil Rights -- Undifferentiated Minority Group / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
2400 / Abortion / 208 / Right to privacy
DCA Code
CLAIM1 / CLAIM1 Description / PAP Code
AGENDA_CODE / Policy Agendas Code Description
2500 / Anti-Ethnic Attacks/Hate or Bias Crimes / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
2502 / White Supremacy, generally / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
2503 / Anti-Semitism / 207 / Freedom of speech & religion
2504 / Anti-Black / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
2505 / Anti-Latino / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
2506 / Anti-Native American / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
2508 / Anti-Asian / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
2517 / Racial/Ethnic Conflicts, Riots, Melees, Confrontations / 201 / Ethnic and minority discrimination
2525 / Anti-Gay/Lesbian/Bisexual / 202 / Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
2600 / Animal Rights / 709 / species and forest protection
2900 / Civil Rights - Senior Citizens / 204 / Age discrimination
Note: Dynamics of Collective Action codes are based on ‘CLAIM1’ values. A remaining 3,294 cases were examined and coded individually.

Table A2. Some examples of events with PAP codes of 99.

DCA CLAIM1code / Event’s article title / Brief Description of the Event
1350 / 3-town garbage plan draws protests / Protest against a waste disposal plant construction
Residents Block Brooklyn Roads / Protest against traffic due to new shopping center
Suit Lost by West Siders to Close Hotel / Suit against hotel claimed to be used by prostitutes
Jersey Site is Chosen after 400 Mountaineers Riot / Complaints about a strange camp in the mountains
Violence Breaks Up Meeting to Discuss / Residents angry at promoters of a music festival
1400 / 14 are Arrested in Princeton Riot / Students rioted; no reason given.
Brown to Discipline Students / Mass student demonstration; no reason given.
4000 Teenagers Brawl at Coney / Youth riot; no reason given.
Police Break Up Sit-In on Coast / Student protest at SFSU; no reason given.
Passengers Sit In As Subway / Commuters refused to leave train; no reason given.
1713 / Indian Hunting Rights Ignite a Wisconsin / Dispute over right to hunt and fish in the region
95 ‘Star Wars’ Protesters Charged / Protesters against program seen as step towards third world war