Name______Bonus 3 Points

Comparative Vertebrate Biology Exam #2

Multiple Choice (15 Pts): For this section you must circle the letter that corresponds to all correct answers. There may be any number of correct answers to each question.

1)  Goblet cells are common in the skin of lower vertebrates where they produce:

  1. Electricity
  2. Toxic Secretions
  3. Mucous
  4. Keratin

2)  An Anadromous animal:

  1. Lives in a large body or water but spawns in streams
  2. Has an evolutionary advantage because young and adults utilize separate habitats
  3. Lives in streams and spawn in the ocean
  4. Are common among the tetrapods

3)  Keratinized cells:

  1. Are most abundant among the amphibians
  2. Prevent dehydration
  3. Are found in the dermis
  4. Form on the epidermis

4)  The Chorion is:

  1. Produced by the embryo
  2. Produced by the mother
  3. Essential for nutrient transfer
  4. Forms after Birth
  5. Lagomorphic

5)  Gastrulation

  1. Reorganizes the embryo into three layers
  2. Precedes organogenesis
  3. Requires migration of cells
  4. Begins after cleavage

6)  Abduction is the

  1. Movement of a limb towards the midline
  2. Movement of a limb away from the midline
  3. Movement of a condyle
  4. Movement of heterotropic bones

7)  An opening in a bone is known as a:

  1. Trochanter
  2. Foramen
  3. Fossa
  4. Meatus
  5. Acetebulum

Fill in the blanks (12 Pts) . Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

8)  Hensen’s node is essential for gastrulation in ______.

9)  Cleavage in mammals is much ______(quicker or slower) than in other vertebrates.

10) Of the two layers that make up the skin, the ______is much more vascularized.

11) The key difference between horns and antlers is that antlers are ______.

12) Canaliculi are essential to bones because they ______osteocytes.

13) One of the key prey species for lamprey are ______.

Definitions (30 Pts): Define the following terms with a sentence or two. If a diagram would help you express your thoughts please feel free to use one.

14) Lacunae

15) Replacement bone

16) Merocrine glands

17) Granular glands

18) Primitive Streak

19) Synctiotrophoblast

20) Condyle

21) Tuberosity

Short Answers (25 Pts): Briefly answer the following questions. Diagrams will likely be useful.

22) One interesting aspect of vertebrate skin is that it can frequently change color. One example of this color change is a hormonally mediated change in the skin of the anole – which when exposed to epinephrine changes to green. Explain at the molecular level how this takes place.

23) Bone remodeling is a very important biological process. Pick three hormones and explain how they alter bone remodeling.

24) Briefly describe how a long bone grows after birth.

25) Draw a hoof and label the unguis, subunguis, and cuneus.

26) What are HOX genes, what do they do, and why are they important?

27) Explain each of the following movements:

  1. Invagination
  2. Involution
  3. Ingression
  4. Delamination
  5. Epiboly
    Essay Question (15 Points): Answer one of the two following questions as thoroughly as possible.

28) Lamprey have become a problem in the Great Lakes. Discuss the following:

  1. How did they get there?
  2. Describe their life histories – how do they live, breed….?
  3. What is the problem with having them in the Great Lakes?
  4. How are people trying to kill them?

29) Describe gastrulation in a zebrafish.