Comp. 2 – Macromolecules
Organic compounds
· ______- usually bonded to oxygen, hydrogen, and other carbon atoms.
· Most of the matter in your body is ______!!
· These are compounds that usually come from organisms
Macromolecules
· Cells and their organelles are made up of smaller building blocks called ______.
· There are 4 basic types of macromolecules. They are:
o ______
o ______
o ______
o ______
· Monomers and polymers
o Macromolecules are actually made up of even smaller subunits. Each subunit of a macromolecule is called a ______
o The macromolecules themselves are called ______, because they are made up of many of these subunits.
o Monomer: ______basic unit or subunit
o Polymer: a chain of ______basic units
Carbohydrates
· Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ______.
· Key source of ______- found in fruits and vegetables.
· ______- single sugars.
o The building blocks of carbs
o Ends in ______
o Examples: glucose, fructose, maltose
· Monomer (basic unit): simple sugars or ______
o Ex: glucose
· Polymer (chain of units): complex carbohydrates or ______
o Ex: starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen
· Disaccharides and polysaccharides
o Disaccharides - ______sugars
§ Glucose + fructose = sucrose
o Polysaccharides
§ A macromolecule made of ______
§ Storehouse for ______
§ Excess energy is stored as:
· ______- in plants
· ______- in animals
· ______- found in plant cell walls
· Indicator tests
o Simple sugars
§ ______: blue solution turns orange/green/brown
o Complex carbs
§ ______/ ______: turns from orange-red-brown to black-purple
· Let’s draw a glucose molecule!
· Dehydration synthesis: making carbohydrates
o Dehydrate means to ______
o #1 and #4 carbon will form a ______by removing water.
o What is left?
· ______- adding water to break the bonds
Lipids
· Are ______
· Fats, phospholipids, ______(cholesterol) and waxes
· Fats are lipids that store ______for long term, make up the cell membrane (phospholipids), provide cell ______, and provide insulation
· Lipids are made by combining two types of molecules
o ______
§ A three carbon alcohol
o 3 ______
§ Long hydrocarbon chains
§ Non polar
· Monomer (basic unit): ______
· Polymer (chain of units): ______
o Specific examples: triglycerides, phospholipids
· Saturated = ______bond
· Unsaturated = ______bond
· Indicator test
o ______test
§ Smear substance onto paper bag. If see-thru, it contains lipids.
Proteins
· Build and repair muscle and tissues
· ______- proteins that speed up chemical reactions
· Made of chains of ______
· There are 20 known amino acids. These are found in all biological species
· ______- protein found in skin
· ______- blood clots, and muscles.
· Structure:
o Monomer (basic unit): ______(20 different kinds!)
o Polymer (chain of units): ______
§ More specifically ______. (amino acids linked by ______bonds)
o ______- makes center of amino acid
o ______
o ______- this is an acid
o A single hydrogen
o ______
§ There are 20 R groups
§ Therefore there are 20 different amino acids in all living things
· Lets draw an amino acid
· Proteins have complex structures. The ______of a protein determines its ______!
· The levels of protein structure are:
o ______: polypeptide chain
o ______: polypeptides in coils or sheets
o ______: coils or sheets form a tangle
o ______: more than one tangle combine to make a very complex protein!
· Indicator test:
o ______: turns from blue to purple if protein is present
Nucleic Acids
· Function: Stores and carries ______information
· Structure
o Monomers (basic unit): ______
o Polymers (chain of units): ______or ______
· Made of ______
· Nucleotides contain a sugar, phosphate and a nitrogen base
· ______- double stranded and makes up chromosomes
· ______- single stranded, used in making proteins
ATP-adenosine triphosphate
· ______currency for the cells
· Cells need a constant supply of ATP to function
· Organisms need energy for life processes
o ______- the ability to move or change matter
o Energy is stored and released by ______
o Example:
§ Freezing water releases energy
§ Melting ice absorbs energy
Energy
· Energy is needed to start a chemical reaction
o ______- the energy needed to start a chemical reaction
o Chemical push
· ______help biochemical reactions occur
o Allows reactions to occur quickly and at ______temperatures
o Increases the ______of chemical react ions
o Most are ______
o Act as ______- reduce the amount of activation energy required
o Helps maintain homeostasis.
· Enzymes end is ______
· Enzymes affect specific substances
o ______- substance on which an enzyme acts
§ Ex: amylase – breaks down starch into glucose
o ______- deep folds in the surface of the enzyme.
§ ______fits into the active site
· Enzymes are biological catalysts
· Three things that affect enzyme action.
o Amount of enzyme ______
o ______
o ______