Community/Environmental Logframe Matrix
BUILDING NIGERIA’S LOCAL RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE (BNLRCC)
– A “Cities and Climate change” Project for Local Governments in Nigeria
Submitted by:
Climate change Network Nigeria (CCN-Nigeria)
Port Harcourt, Nigeria
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Project Profile……………………………………………………………………….…………
Acronyms………………………………………………………………….…………..…………
Project Summary………………………………………………………….…..………………..
Problem Identification………..………………………………..……………..….
Project Design…………………………………………………………………………
Stakeholder Analysis…………………...…...…………………………………………
Target Population………...…………….………………………………………………...
Gap Analysis……………………………….………………………………….…………
Organizational Structure and Project Staffing……….…………………………………
Capacity Building and LGAs Participation……………………………………………………...……
Gender Impact……………………………………………………………………………………….....
Project Feasibility and Sustainability...……………………………………………………………...…...
Monitoring and Evaluation Plan…………………………………………………………………….....
Appendix:
1. Problem Tree Analysis
2. Stakeholder Analysis
3. Organizational Chart
4. SWOT Analysis
5. Logframe
PROJECT PROFILE
Project Title:Building Nigeria’s Local Response to Climate Change (BNLRCC)
– A “Cities and Climate change” Project for Local Governments in Nigeria
Project Number:774-011
Direct Participants:1,548 Local Government Council Management and Climate Change Desk Officers.
Project Duration:One Year
Geographical Area:Six Geo-political Zones of Nigeria
Implementing Agency:Climate change Network Nigeria (CCN-Nigreia)
Project Holder: Surveyor Efik
Address:Plot 30, Pipeline Road, Off Airport Road, Rukpokwu, Port Harcourt, Rivers State
Nigeria
Total Project Cost:N57, 176, 250 = $36,942
LIST OF ACRONYMS
ALGONAssociation of Local Governments of Nigeria
AMAC Abuja Municipal Council
BNLRCCBuilding Nigeria’s Local Response to Climate Change
CBOCommunity Based Organization
CCClimate Change
CCDClimate Change Department
CCNClimate Change Network Nigeria
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
COPConference of Parties
CSOCivil Society Organization
DIP Detailed Implementation Plan
DNA Designated National Authority
FBOFaith Based Organization
FCTFederal Capital Territory
FMEFederal Ministry of Environment
GWP Global Water Partnership
HBSHeinrich Boll Stiftung
HDIHuman Development Index
ICLEIInternational Council for Local Environmental Initiatives - Local Governments for Sustainability
IPCCIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IUSSPInternational Union for the Scientific Studies of Population
LGALocal Government Area
LCDALocal Council Development Area
NASSNational Assembly
NGONon-Governmental Organization
NIMASANigerian Maritime Safety and Administrative Agency
NPCNational Population Commission
MSPMulti Stakeholder Platform
PACJA Pan African Climate Justice Alliance
SCCUSpecial Climate Change Unit
SMARTSpecific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Time
SOStrategic Objective
SPDCShell Petroleum Development Company
SWOTStrength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat
PACJA
UCLGUnited Cities and Local Governments
UNFCCCUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate change
WMSC World Mayors Summit on Climate
PROJECT SUMMARY
The people of Nigeria suffer from a range of sustained ecological problems necessitated by climate change as a result of structural administrative defects and low awareness of climate vulnerability, mitigation and adaptation in cities and communities. Climate change has manifested desertification, water shortage, erosion, flooding, displacements, conflicts, under-development and loss of biodiversity. These incidences are further exacerbated by unimpeded deforestation, gas flaring, oil spills and other extractive activities that are hampering the environmental safety in the country. To contribute to the reduction of these hazards, Climate Change Network Nigeria (CCN-Nigeria) for almost five years has been promoting a climate-friendly program through a multi-sector approach. CCN-Nigeria intends to build on this experience to implement the Building Nigeria’s Local Response to Climate Change (BNLRCC) project. This project’s goal is that at the end of the project period, people in Nigeria are more aware of the impact of climate change and adopt measures that reduce its effect. It has two strategic objectives:
Strategic Objective 1: The response of LGAs to climate change vulnerability, mitigation and adaptation in cities and communities are improved.
Strategic Objective 2: The LGAs begin to actively participate in regional and international climate change events.
These are posited to awaken grassroots campaign through the nearest government to the grassroots people because most inhabitants still perceive the changes in their immediate environment as an act of God or a metaphysical force. It is opined that lobbying for the adoption of a climate change desk in each LGA and also building the capacity of the designated officers on climate change mitigation and adaptation measures will provide linkages that will enhance synergy with other governmental organizations in the struggle for healthy environment. Therefore, this project is designed to deliberately prompt conscious efforts of target LGAs to assess their situation and push for access to the ecological fund and other emerging climate change funds in Nigeria to address concerns. In a bid to garner support from all region in Nigeria, the movement is fashioned in a decentralize manner to capture the existing six geopolitical zones of the nation with their peculiar environmental challenges. Those LGAs that had participated in Conference of Parties (COP) will be encouraged to share experiences/gains to arouse the interest of the 774 LGAs that are yet to get involved in the program. CCN-Nigeria is poised to strengthen local capacity to manage the environment in a sustainable manner by creating credible link between the target LGAs and relevant stakeholders to ensure their future participation, contribution and possibly step down agreements/potential activities in the best interest of their people to compliment the efforts of other actors in alignment with national programs.
These include a dual process of working with the LGAs through ALGON and also diffusing the unwholesome affairs amongst Federal, State and Local government for improved relationships to elicit teamwork. To achieve this stride, CCN-Nigeria will be lobbying Federal Ministry of Environment, Climate Change Department and other relevant stakeholders to involve LGAs in their activities in order to come up with a holistic plan of action and shared responsibilities.
In a nutshell, this project entails facilitating the creation of Climate Change Desk Officer in LGAs, facilitating the drafting, review and finalization of the job description of Climate Change Desk Officer, building their capacity on basic climate change issues including report writing, advocacy and knowledge sharing, advocate for LGAs and CSOs empowerment to access ecological funds in Nigeria, engagement of National Assembly on climate change issues, meet with and lobby Federal and State ministries of Environment and Education for infusion of climate change education in formal and informal sectors of Nigeria, track ecological funds in Nigeria and conduct independent analysis of projects that borders on ecological issues. CCN-Nigeria will also collaborate with national, regional and international Networks as well as participate in other regional and international initiatives on climate change to complement their work and inform current advocacy campaigns of realities on the ground.
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS
The 4th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC) – a consensus document produced by over 2,000 scientists representing every country in the United Nations; provided regional assessment which showed Africa to be the most vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change and with the least adaptive capacity. Africa is particularly threatened, since land degradation and desertification affect about 46% of the whole continent. Furthermore, it was affirmed that the poorest people within the African communities are the most vulnerable which calls for urgent assistance. According to IPCC WG 1 Projections in 2007, the median temperature increase lies roughly 1.5 times above the global mean response in all seasons in all the four regions in Africa.”
Nigeria, being a country in the Sub-Saharan Africa fell within the above analysis. The nation lies approximately between latitudes 40 and 140N and longitudes 30 and 150E with a total area of 923,768km2. It occupies about 14% of land area in West Africa, shares borders with the Republics of Niger and Chad in the North, the Republic of Cameroon in the East, the Republic of Benin in the West, while the Gulf of Guinea, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean, forms the southern border. It is the most populated country in Africa, with population of about 140 million (NPC 2006) and ranks 154 out of 187 countries on the 2013 United Nations Human Development Index.[1] There are about 275 ethnic groups in Nigeria with the three largest ethnic groups being Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. The country is administered under the Federal system of government with strong central government and 36 States in addition to a Federal Capital Territory (FCT); all grouped into six geo-political zones. The States and FCT are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas/Area Councils for grassroots administration.
Nigerian population is projected to be about 161,726,000 by 2015 but presently, about 46 percent of the population lives in Nigerian urban areas[2]. The population density as at 2002 was 141 per sq km (364 per sq mi) and it is densest in the south and sparsest in the north. This trend is mainly due to people migrating from rural communities to cities – especially young adults looking for work – as well as high urban birth rates (IUSSP 2007). Cities and towns are growing at twice the rate of the rural population and are expected to add 400 million people to Africa’s urban population over the next 25 years (Auclair 2005). By 2025, more than half of Africa’s population will live in urban areas (Tibaijuka 2004; UN-HABITAT 2006).
The population drift is exposing cities to high vulnerability, to extreme weather events and rising sea levels due to lack of the resilience to cope with impacts of climate change (ICLEI 2010).
The burden of climate change impacts is already very high and reported in Nigeria. We realize that the persistence of below-mean rainfall in the last two decades in Nigeria is an indication of an abrupt change in climate[3] (Environmental Impact, 2010).
MAIN TRENDS IN NIGERIA
The Nigerian climate change situation is laced with two major challenges of desertification and droughts in the North and sea level rise and coastal floods/erosion in South; both caused by common effects of increased temperature, deforestation and precipitation pattern. According to the Nigeria’s First National Communication under the UNFCCC, the following findings aptly describe the true context of climate change in Nigeria. While desertification is degrading the North at the rate of 600m (0.6km) per year (FME 2003), the Niger River Delta is losing 400 hectares of land a year to erosion (Hinrichsen 2007).
The specific vulnerabilities and impacts pertaining to climate change are witnessed in two major scenarios across the northern and southern divides of the country. These include declining volume of water in reservoirs and stream flows, crop failures due to frequent dry spells during growing seasons, menace of aquatic weeds, shortage of fodder and increasing conflicts between farmers and herdsmen, deforestation and desertification, which have all adversely affected the livelihoods of the rural/urban poor with greater intensification of poverty[4].
The indirect vulnerabilities issues relate to sprawling of settlements onto rural land, poor energy production, low industrial activities, poorly developed transportation system, challenges relating to human health and gender issues (HBS 2008). Above all, there is a very low level of awareness and lack of capacity to respond at the local level in Nigeria.
Climate Change Scenarios in Southern Nigeria
The Nigerian coastal region covers a total of nine states out of the thirty-six states of the federation, namely: Akwa-Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo and Rivers. The coastal states are estimated to account for 25% of the national population. The coastline stretches for about 853km comprising inshore waters, coastal lagoons, estuaries and mangrove especially in the Niger Delta. The economic activities in the coastal zone include Oil and Gas exploration and exploitation, fishing industries, shipping, agriculture and tourism. The zone experiences a tropical climate consisting of a rainy season (April- October) and a dry season (November- March) with diurnal temperature as high as 34 to 35°C and high relative humidity that are rarely below 60%.
The major factor of vulnerability of the coastal areas is the rising sea levels with increasingly strong surges capable of causing surface and underground sea water inundation (French et al. 1995; Crammer 2007), which is capable of damaging the socio-economic infrastructures such as oil prospecting facilities and transmission lines. It pollutes water resources, impairs fish production, destroys ecosystems and causes landward extension of inter-tidal zones. The rising floods from rivers draining the areas and the already weakened economic status of many people in the coastal areas is increasing the rate of disasters such displacement of homes/communities and destruction of social infrastructure and lives. Some analysts had estimated that the risk of ocean flooding in the delta can be up to USD14 Billion with 2m rise in sea level. More than 600,000 villages could be displaced by 1m rise in sea level, based on existing population.
Climate Change Scenarios in Northern Nigeria
In the northern part of Nigeria, desertification is the most pressing impact of climate change. This is visible in the gradual shift in vegetation from grasses, bushes and occasional trees to grass, bushes and expansive areas of sand. It has been estimated that between 50% and 75% of Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Jigawa, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto,Yobe and Zamfara States is being affected by desertification[5]. In these areas, population pressure resulting in over-grazing and over-exploitation of marginal lands has aggravated desertification and drought. Entire villages and major access roads have been buried under sand dunes in the extreme northern parts of Katsina, Sokoto, Jigawa, Borno and Yobe States and may gradually encroach into other neighbouring States, such as Kano if nothing is done to combat it. The rate of increases in desertification in the Northern part of Nigeria is at 600m (0.6km) per year[6].
Desertification/sand dunes engulfing a community in Yobe State, North-East, Nigeria
Nigeria and Local Awareness trend on Climate change
In Nigeria, climate change awareness, response and demonstration of commitment are largely experienced at the national level alone. In 2009, sub-national level awareness came from Lagos State, that not only demonstrated its commitment as seen in the yearly “Lagos State Climate Change Summit”, aimed at creating public awareness on the threat of climate change and how citizens can be mobilized to mitigate and or adapt to its impacts, but also directed that all 57 Local Governments (LGAs and LCDAs) in the State “must” demonstrate their respective commitment to tackling climate change. Another State that followed suit is Delta State with Green Economy implementation initiative and Cross River State, with REDD+ mechanism implementation. While, all these States, including Bayelsa State have been regular Delegates to COP15 and COP16, participation from Local Governments has been very poor, with only Amuwo Odofin and Eti-Osa Local Government Councils of Lagos State participating in COP15 for the first time and only Amuwo Odofin in COP16. Thus, the necessity to scale up awareness, response, commitment, and action, especially on how to combat climate change at the grassroots levels of Nigeria. Many community people oftentimes had ascribe these changes to supernatural dynamics.
Response of Local Government Authorities to climate change
The impact of oil extraction on the environment has been devastating[7]. However, while oil companies are closely monitored in keeping international environmental standards in some countries, Nigeria loosely monitor such standards and the oil companies are able to take a cost advantage. The result of this is a high rate of equipment failure leading to oil spills and decades of gas flares. It was reported that there are an estimated 300 oil spills per year in the Niger Delta due to both equipment failure as well as community sabotage[8].
Gas flaring is widely practiced in Nigeria by oil companies due to high cost of injecting gas released from oil extraction into the ground or processing it into liquefied natural gas, thus, it is released and burned above ground, in a process known as gas flaring. About 75 percent of associated gas production in Nigeria is flared which is one of the highest percentages in the world. This practice causes air and noise pollution, generates sulfur and particulate emissions, contributes to acid rain and releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.[9]
It is imperative that LGAs work with the communities to establish their own priorities, demand for clean environment and influence development initiatives. Ignorance and lack of capacity of LGAs on climate change impact, vulnerability and adaptation has led to their non-involvement in demands for clean environment and projects that are environment-friendly from the extractive industries in Nigeria, thus, local struggle for safe environment has been highly uncoordinated without the participation of the LGAs in development strategies.
PROBLEM TREE ANALYSIS
The members of CCN-Nigeria participated in a problem tree analysis to further identify the immediate and underlying causes of these problems. They identified one problem statement as follows:
Problem 1: There is low response of climate change vulnerability, mitigation and adaptation in the cities and communities.
Leverage points among the causes of these problems were identified in the problem tree. The lack of capacity of LGAs to respond to challenges of climate change and the indifference to climate change impact in communities were spotted as the core problems. The analysis further revealed lack of commitment to step down information from national government to State & LGA; lack of participation of LGAs in national, regional & global programs; the blockage of LGAs from accessing the ecological fund and lack of public awareness as a second level of the problem in Nigeria. Other problems identified include, poor monitoring and evaluation plan of National Assembly & various State House of Assemblies’ Committee on Environment and Ecology, lack of enabling law & policy on climate change, insensitivity, misplacement of priority, poor partnership of LGAs with other stakeholders on Climate change. The analysis also revealed that the preparation of LGAs budget is often stereotyped and hardly achieve 30% implementation, excessive control of actions of LGAs by the State, lack of political will-power, corruption, inability to track Ecological fund, lack of climate change infusion in education curriculum and informal sector as also being part of the problem.