COMMON CORE STANDARDS VOCABULARY FOR READING
· Informational Text: Text that gives factual information designed primarily to explain, inform, instruct, argue or persuade, or describe rather than to entertain. Informational text sequences, describes, categorizes, compares/contrasts, or addresses problem and solution.
o Types of informational text:
§ Expository Text: Examples of Expository texts are textbooks, encyclopedias, scientific books/journals, atlases, direction guides, biographies and newspapers.
§ Informational text may use narrative story elements.
· Literary Text: The type of writing used with creative literature or story telling.
o Types of literary text:
§ Drama
§ Prose fiction
§ Poetry
§ Autobiography
§ Film
ü Anchor Standards are broad standards that define the skills and understandings that all students must demonstrate to be College and Career Reader (CCR)
ü Standards from the placemats define what students should understand and be able to do by the end of each grade.
ü Alternate Assessment Standards (KCAS-KAAP)-define what our students who are on certificate of completion should understand and be able to do by the end of each grade. These are derived directly from the CC standards (General Ed.) found on the placemats.
Key Ideas and Details
· Anchor Standard 1 (Literary Text) : R-3.1
· Anchor Standard 1 (Informational Text): R-HS.5
o Inference-It's the act of concluding from evidence; deduction. It describes the act of figuring something out by using what you already know.
· Anchor Standard 2 (Literary Text): R-4.5, R-5.3, R-6.2, R-7.2, R-8.2, R-HS.3
o Theme- is a broad idea, message, or moral of a story. The message may be about life, society, or human nature. Themes often explore timeless and universal ideas and are almost always implied rather than stated explicitly.
o Summary-using few words to give the most important information about something
o Central idea-similar to theme, broad idea or message conveyed in informational text.
o Analyze-to study (something) closely and carefully : to learn the nature and relationship of the parts of (something) by a close and careful examination
o Plot-a series of events that form the story in a novel, movie
o Supporting details- major and minor, support the main idea by telling how, what, when, where, why, how much, or how many
o Refined by details- a particular fact or piece of information about something or someone which is improved to be more precise or exact
o Objective summary- using few words to give the most important information about something which is based on facts rather than feelings or opinions
· Anchor Standard 2 (Informational Text): R-3.3, R-4.3, R-5.4, R-6.4, R-8.4, R-HS.4
o Main Idea- The central purpose or gist of a passage; the primary message expressed by a passage. The main idea of a paragraph may be explicitly stated in a topic sentence. The main idea is the "key concept" being expressed.
o Central Idea- similar to theme, broad idea or message conveyed in informational text.
o Analyze- to study (something) closely and carefully : to learn the nature and relationship of the parts of (something) by a close and careful examination
o Refined by details- a particular fact or piece of information about something or someone which is improved to be more precise or exact
o Objective Summary- using few words to give the most important information about something which is based on facts rather than feelings or opinions
· Anchor Standard 3 (Literary Text): R-3.5, R-4.4, R-5.5, R-7.4, R-HS.2
o Character- a person who appears in a story, book, play, movie, or television show
o Setting- the time, place, and conditions in which the action of a book, movie, etc., takes place
o Plot- a series of events that form the story in a novel, movie, etc.
o Event- : something (especially something important or notable) that happens within a story, novel, text.
o Sequence of Events- A sequence of events or things is a number of events or things that come one after another in a particular order
o Compare - to say that (something) is similar to something else
o Contrast- to compare (two people or things) to show how they are different
o Compare vs. Contrast-to look at (two or more things) closely in order to see what is similar or different about them or in order to decide which one is better
· Anchor Standard 3 (Informational Text): R-5.6, R-7.5
o Character- a person who appears in a story, book, play, movie, or television show
o Setting- the time, place, and conditions in which the action of a book, movie, etc., takes place
o Plot- a series of events that form the story in a novel, movie, etc.
o Event- : something (especially something important or notable) that happens within a story, novel, text.
o Sequence of Events- A sequence of events or things is a number of events or things that come one after another in a particular order
o Compare - to say that (something) is similar to something else
o Contrast- to compare (two people or things) to show how they are different
o Compare vs. Contrast-to look at (two or more things) closely in order to see what is similar or different about them or in order to decide which one is better
Craft and Structure
· Anchor Standard 4 ( Literary Text): R-3.4, R-4.1, R-5.2, R-6.3, R-7.1, R-8.1, R-HS.1
o Literal (factual)- completely true and accurate : not exaggerated, giving the meaning of each individual word : exact. involving the ordinary or usual meaning of a word
o Figurative- Non-literal (non factual)- used with a meaning that is different from the basic meaning and that expresses an idea in an interesting way by using language that usually describes something else : not literal
o Mythological text (refer to Appendix B) ideas that are believed by many people but that are not true
o Connotative words and phrases- An idea or meaning suggested by or associated with a word or thing: Hollywood holds connotations of romance and glittering success. The set of associations implied by a word in addition to its literal meaning
o Impact -to have a direct effect on part of story/text
o Verse-writing in which words are arranged in a rhythmic pattern. a part of a poem or song
o Stanza-a group of lines in a poem
o Tone-a quality, feeling, or attitude expressed by the words that someone uses in speaking or writing. The writer’s attitude toward his/her subject. Tone reflects the feelings of the writer. (Do not confuse tone with mood.)
o Analogy- similarity in some respects between things that are otherwise dissimilar.
§ There are 5 types of analogies:
· Simile-A simile is a figure of speech in which the subject is compared to another subject. Frequently they are marked by use of the words like or as, "The snow was like a blanket".
· Metaphor-is a rhetorical trope defined as a direct comparison between two or more seemingly unrelated subjects. Metaphors differ from similes in that the two objects are not compared, but treated as identical.
· Comparison-in grammar is a property of adjectives and adverbs in most languages; it describes systems that distinguish the degree to which the modifier modifies its complement. (Example- Good, better, best)
· Allegory-is using words to convey a meaning other than (and in addition to) the literal. It is a representative type of communication.
· Parable-A parable is a story in prose or verse that is told to illustrate a (perhaps covert) religious, moral, or philosophical idea.
o Figurative language-Whenever you describe something by comparing it with something else, you are using figurative language.
§ Simile -A simile uses the words “like” or “as”
to compare one object or idea with another to suggest they are alike.
Example: busy as a bee
§ Metaphor -The metaphor states a fact or draws a verbal picture by the use of comparison.
A simile would say you are like something; a metaphor is more positive - it says you are something.
Example: You are what you eat.
§ Personification -A figure of speech in which human characteristics are given
to an animal or an object. Example: My teddy bear gave me a hug.
§ Alliteration -The repetition of the same initial letter, sound, or group of sounds in a series of words.
Alliteration includes tongue twisters. Example: She sells seashells by the seashore.
§ Onomatopoeia -The use of a word to describe or imitate a natural sound or the sound made by an object or an action. Example: snap crackle pop
§ Hyperbole -An exaggeration that is so dramatic that no one would believe the statement is true.
Tall tales are hyperboles.
Example: He was so hungry, he ate that whole cornfield for lunch, stalks and all.
§ Idioms - peculiar to itself
either grammatically (as no, it wasn't me) or in having a meaning
that cannot be derived from the conjoined meanings of its elements
(as Monday week for "the Monday a week after next Monday")
§ Clichés-A cliché is an expression that has been used so often that it has become trite and sometimes boring. Example: Many hands make light work.
§ Figurative Language Resource http://languagearts.mrdonn.org/figurative.html
· Anchor Standard 4 (Informational Text): R-4.2, R-5.1, R-6.1, R-7.3, R-8.3
o NOTE: use content specific words
o Figurative words and phrases- see above
o Connotative words and phrases-see above
o Technical words and phrases- are words and phrases often referred to as jargon used specific to a subject matter presented. (i.e. scientific, medical, legal, etc.). Often seen in articles.
o Allusion- A brief, usually indirect reference to a person, place, or event--real or fictional.
o Tone of allusions- is the attitude a writer takes towards a subject or character: serious, humorous, sarcastic, ironic, satirical, tongue-in-cheek, solemn, objective. Similar to Mood
o Impact of allusions- is a brief reference to a person, event, or place, real or fictitious, or to a work of art. Casual reference to a famous historical or literary figure or event. An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion.
o Resource of Literary Terms Index: http://www.tnellen.com/cybereng/lit_terms/
· Anchor Standard 5 (Literary Text): R-8.6
o Compare - to say that (something) is similar to something else
o Contrast- to compare (two people or things) to show how they are different
o Compare vs. Contrast-to look at (two or more things) closely in order to see what is similar or different about them or in order to decide which one is better
o Structure of text- Text structure refers to how the information within a written text is organized. Text structure helps give a detailed description of something to give the reader a mental picture.
o Style of text
§ Persuasive
§ Descriptive
§ Informative
§ Instructive
· Resource for styles of text: http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/words/reading/typesoftext/worksheet.shtml
· Resource for Text Structure strategies and graphic organizers http://www.adlit.org/strategies/23336/
· Anchor Standard 6 (Informational Text) R-6.5, R-8.5, R-HS.6
o Author’s purpose- An author’s purpose is the reason an author decides to write about a specific topic. Then, once a topic is selected, the author must decide whether his purpose for writing is to inform, persuade, entertain, or explain his ideas to the reader.
o Interpret- to understand (something) in a specified way
o Analyze- to study (something) closely and carefully : to learn the nature and relationship of the parts of (something) by a close and careful examination
o Rhetoric- often disapproving : language that is intended to influence people and that may not be honest or reasonable
2 : the art or skill of speaking or writing formally and effectively especially as a way to persuade or influence people
o Conflicting viewpoints- Conflict—a struggle or clash between opposing characters, forces, or emotions. Without conflict, most plots would never go anywhere. Conflicts spur the action of most fiction and nonfiction. There are two types of conflict:
§ External Conflict—A character struggles against some outside force. External conflicts are described in general terms such as: Person vs. Person, Person vs. Society, Person vs. Nature, Person vs. Technology (or machines).
§ Internal Conflict—A character struggles with himself/herself and his/her opposing needs, desires, or emotions. Internal conflicts are also described in general terms: Person vs. Himself/Herself.
o http://www.thewritingtutor.biz/quick_reference_guides/litterms-common.php
Integration of Knowledge and Ideas
· Anchor Standard 7 (Informational Text): R-3.6, R-4.6
o Illustrations- the act or process of illustrating something: such as a : the act or process of producing or providing pictures for a book, magazine, etc. b : the act or process of giving examples to make something easier to understand
o Interpret- to understand (something) in a specified way
o Explain- to make (something) clear or easy to understand 2 : to tell, show, or be the reason for or cause of something
o Visual media- adjective of or relating to seeing or sight : the means of mass communication (television, radio, newspapers, and the Internet) regarded collectively
o Orally- includes face to face conversation, interviews, speeches, and in person presentations and meeting
o Quantitatively- of or relating to how much there is of something : of or relating to the quantity or amount of something
UDL resource- http://www.osepideasthatwork.org/UDL/intro.asp
· Anchor Standard 7 (Literary Text): R-6.6, R-7.6
o Compare - to say that (something) is similar to something else
o Contrast- to compare (two people or things) to show how they are different
o Compare vs. Contrast-to look at (two or more things) closely in order to see what is similar or different about them or in order to decide which one is better
o Mediums- Television, Movies and Newspapers (oral, written, visual, social, etc.)
o Live version of the text
§ Audio
§ Filmed
§ Staged
§ Multi-media
· Anchor Standard 9 (Informational Text): R-3.2
o Compare - to say that (something) is similar to something else
o Contrast- to compare (two people or things) to show how they are different
o Compare vs. Contrast-to look at (two or more things) closely in order to see what is similar or different about them or in order to decide which one is better
Resource for understanding literary terms: http://www.examples-help.org.uk/index.htm