Citing and Referencing

Whenever you refer to the work or ideas of someone else, you must acknowledge this in two places – in the main body of the text (citing) and at the end of your work in the alphabetical list of references.This practice iscalled referencing.

Information provided in this document relates to the Harvard System of referencing. The Harvard System uses the author’s surname and date of publication for referencing purposes in the text. Information can be drawn, from a wide range of sources including: books, journals, newspapers, videos and the Internet.

Alwayscheck the referencing guidelines provided by the School of Music or School of Drama. If you have a choice to adopt a certain style you must keep to it throughout the assignment.

The purpose of referencing

Referencing allows the reader to verify quotations and data and consult the sources used. Referencing ensures that plagiarism isavoided and demonstrates the range of reading undertaken. Plagiarism is when you use someone’s ideas, thoughts and words without acknowledging the source.

References are required when you:

Quote - use someone’s exact words
Summarise - sum up someone else's arguments or ideas
Paraphrase - put another author's material into your own words
Copy - use illustrations such as: diagrams, tables, sheet music

Ways of Introducing References into the Text

References can be introduced into the text in various ways and certain rules apply. Ideally this information should be integrated into the text so that it does not break up the flow of the writing.

EXPLANATION / EXAMPLE
Author's name occurs naturally in the sentence, only use the surname and place bracket round the year / Morgan (1997) suggested that ...
Author’s name does not appear naturally in the sentence, place surname and publication inside bracket / A recent study (Smith, 2003) found or
In a recent study it was found… (Smith 2003)
Using two names insidetext use ‘and’ / Harris and Jones (2001) have commented on …
Using two names in the bracket use ‘&’ / (Harris & Jones 2001)
The author is unknown use ‘Anon’
but be wary of unauthored work. / It has been observed ( Anon, 2001) that …
In newspaper articles or websites, ifthere is no author, use the name of the newspaper. In websites where there is no author use the website host address. Often websites do not have a date, but always check the home page of the website.
Be wary of using unauthored work. / A recent study described ... (The Herald, 2003, p4)
The website Theatre VOICE (2003)
suggests that…
Occasionally the same author will write more than one article in the same year. Use ‘a’, ‘b’ etc. / In his first article Grayson (1997a) indicates …
Grayson (1997b) further argued that...
EXPLANATION / EXAMPLE
When there are more than two authors use: 'et al' (note italics)
NB: All names should appear in the references. / An additional theory was developed (Hughes et al. 2002)…
If you refer to a source in another text, refer to both sources.For example, you may mention Freud,but you need to tell the reader that you have not read Freud’s actual work. / Freud (1888, cited in Smith, 2000)
If you quoteone source in another text, note the actual page you read / Porter (1997, cited in Feeley, 2001, p12)
Journals are often published as ejournals. Cite in text as hard copy using author and year (refer to page 6, Bibliographic referencing). / (Murphy, 2001)

Reporting Verbs

Make the text more interesting for the reader

Make your meaning clearer

Help establish the discussion

Highlights what the author has done.

Note the tense used depends on the context.

Example - The author (year)

Explanation

Analyses/analysed /

Examine closely

Compares/compared

Discusses in terms of similarities and differences

Comments/Commented

/ Give an opinion or reaction

Concludes/Concluded

/ Bring argument to a close
Criticises/Criticised / Express disagreement
Demonstrates/Demonstrated / Show clearly by giving proof / evidence
Examines / Look at in detail
Discusses/Discussed / Consider and offer opinion
Illustrates/Illustrated / Offer an example/s
Indicates/ Indicated / Offer a explanation
Notes/Noted / Make mention of
Observes/Observed / Note through comments
Points out/Pointed out / Giving an opinion

Suggests/Suggested

/ Put forward an idea

Summarise/Summarised

/ Present the main points

Validates/Validated

/ Prove the accuracy of something

Verifies/Verified

/ Check the accuracy

Further reporting verbs can be found at:

Quotations are the exact wordsused in the source, whether it be a book, journal, newspaper or website.

Quotes should be used sparingly to make significant points and should be integrated well within the text.

Explanation

Example

Short quotations- less than a line, use single quotation marksand incorporate quote into text; use author, year and page number

Burns (2000, p3) explained that ‘Research is a systematic investigation to find answers to a problem’.

Longer quotes (usually over 50 words) are indented and single spaced. Do not need quotation marks but still need author, year and pagenumber(s)

The dominant approaches to actor training in English are variations on, conflations of, or mediations between the American Method and the Stanislavski System.

(Knowles, 2004, p. 32)

If you leave words out then indicate by using three dots …

‘variations on…the American Method and the Stanislavski System’.(Knowles, 2004, p. 32)

Double inverted commas should be used for reporting direct speech. /

A student said that “The Effective Learning Service is fantastic”

Diagrams, graphs or illustrations are referenced in the same way as quotations. (Author's name, date of publication)

Bibliographic Referencing

When writing essays or reports you are expected to include Bibliographic information in a list at the end of the assignment.
You may be asked to produce:

A Reference List - this includes all sources you refer to in your text.
A Bibliography - this lists all materials consulted, including works not cited in the text.
When using the Harvard System references are listed in bibliographies or reference lists alphabetically by authors' names.

EXPLANATION / EXAMPLE
Book
Author's surname, and initials.,
Year of publication.
Title (in italics - you can underline in handwritten work).
Edition - if not the first.
Place of publication:
Publisher. / Angus, S., 1999. A Study Skills Guide.2nd ed. Glasgow: Pierce Press.
Texts by the same author.
List these in chronological order - most recent year first. / Angus, S.,2001, Study Skills Revised. Glasgow: Pierce Press.
Angus, S., 1999. A Study SkillsGuide.2nd ed. Glasgow: Pierce Press.

Reference to a contribution in a book

Contributing author‘s Surname, Initials.,
Year of publication.
Title of contribution followed by In:
Initials. Surname of author or editor of publications followed by editor(s)
Title of book.
Edition - if not the first.
Place of publication:
Publisher,
Page number(s) of contribution. / Plath Helle, Anita. 1989. Re-Presenting Women Writers on Stage: A Retrospective to the Present. In: Lydia Hart (ed). Making a Spectacle.Michigan: UP, 195 – 208
another example
Barr, T., 1987. Critical Analysis Skills. In: P.W. Holloway, ed. Developing Skills for Higher Education.London, Palmer Print, 45 - 52.

Article in a Journal

Author's surname, and initials.,
Year of publication.
Title of Article,
Title of Journal,
Volume number and (part number),
Page numbers of contribution. / O'Brien, M., 2001. Searching the Internet Successfully. The Internet Journal, 8 (2), 211-219.
Newspaper Article
Author's surname and initials or newspaper article,
Year of publication.
Title of Article.
Title of Newspaper,
Date - day and month,
Page numbers / Column number. / Frayn, Michael. 2002. Tom Paulin’s Wooly Thinking on Heisenberg. The Guardian. 5th April 2002, n.p.
Theatre Performances
Text-based performances:
Author’s Surname, Initials.
Year the production was first presented
Title of Performance
Director’s name.
Place of performance:
Theatre company.
Date of first night
OR date when you saw the performance / Shakespeare, W. 1989. Pericles, Prince of Tyre, dir. David Thacker.
The Swan in Stratford-upon-Avon: Royal Shakespeare Company. First performance: 6 September 1989
Theatre Performance
Devised performance:
Name of Theatre Company.
Year the production was first presented
Title of Performance
Director’s name.
Place of performance
Date of first night
OR date when you saw the performance
The name of famous performers can be added after the director’s name. / Foursight Theatre. 2006. Thatcher – The Musical!. Dir. Naomi Cooke and Deb Barnard. Warwick Arts Centre. Seen 8th February 2006
Dance Performances
Choreographer’s Surname, Initials.
Year the production was first presented
Title of Performance
Director’s name.
Dance company.
Place of performance:
Date of first night
OR date when you saw the performance
Here again the name of famous performers can be added before the company’s name. / Ashton, F. 1940. Dante Sonata, The Royal Ballet. Lincoln Centre, New York. seen 10 July 2004.
Published Music
Composer’s surname, initials.
Year.
Title.
Name of editor, (ed).
Place of Publication:
Publisher / Brittain, B. 1980 Eight Folk Songs Arrangements for High Voice and Harp. Osain Ellis, ed. London: Faber
Sound Recordings
Composer’s surname, initials.
Year.
Title.
Label.
Catalogue Number
Medium
Duration / Vaughan-Williams, R. 2001. Dona Nobis Pacem and Other Works. EMI. 574782. CD. 148 min.
A Particular Item Within a Sound Recording
Composer’s surname, initials.
Year.
Title of the individual piece.
In: Title of the complete recording
Label.
Catalogue Number
Medium
Track Number / Vaughan-Williams, R 2005. The Lark Ascending, romance for violin & orchestra In: Adagio II. Celestial Harmonies. 14052-2. Double CD. CD 2 Track 7.
Films, Videos and DVDs
Title.
Year.
Name of the Director.
Format.
Place of Publication:
Distributor / Carmen. 1983. Dir. Carlos Saura. Spain: Emiliano Piedra
Broadcasts
Title.
Year.
Name of the Director.
Type of Broadcast
Channel
Date.
Time. / Yes, Prime Minister: Episode 1, The Ministerial Broadcast. 1986. TV, BBC2, January 1986. 20.30 hrs.
Performance on Video
Name of Author, initials.
Year recorded or published.
Title of the performance or the video.
Medium in square brackets
Production Company or Publisher / Foursight Theatre. 2006. Thatcher – the Musical! [DVD]. Foursight Theatre
Full text journal or newspaper article from the internet
Author’s surname and initials
Year of publication.
Title of article.
Title of publication.
Type of medium in square brackets.
Date of publication.
Available from: URL
Date accessed in square brackets /
Urwin Jones, Sarah. 2007. It’s pure Purcell – with strings attached. Timesonline.com [online]. Friday 5th October. Available from:

[Accessed 11th October 2007]

Reference for a specific web page

Author’s surname and initials.
Year of publication.
Document title.
Type of medium in square brackets
Available from: URL
Date accessed in square brackets / Student awards agency for Scotland. 2005. Home page. [online]. Available from:

[Accessed 26TH August 2005]
Document in pdf format
Author’s surname and initials.
Year of publication.
Title of document.
Type of medium in square brackets
Available from: URL
Date accessed in square brackets / Taylor, Simon. 2000. NT Education Workpack – The Cherry Orchard. [online]. Available from:

[Accessed 11th October 2007]
Video on You Tube
Screen Name.
Year.
Title.
[medium]
Available from: URL
Date of access in square brackets / Timelord726. 2007. Hamlet – High School Group Movie Assignment. [online] Available from:

accessed 11th October 2007

Government Department or organisation

Name of body which produced the document.
Year of publication.
Title of publication
Place of publication:
Publisher,
Report No - if relevant. / Scottish Arts Council. 2006. Appraisal of Options for the Future Accommodation of the Scottish National Theatre.Edinburgh: Scottish Arts Council
More than one text has been published by an author in the same year letters should be added to differentiate - (1997a) (1997b). / Grayson, J. (1997a) ‘Place of residence, student involvement, and first year marks’. The Canadian Journal of Higher Education. 27, 1-24
Grayson, J. (1997b). ‘Academic achievement of first-generation students in a Canadian university’. Research in Higher Education 38, 659-676

If no author either corporate or individual try to avoid using as it is difficult to establish authenticity.

Useful sources of additional information

Harvard Style Bibliographies and References, University of Leeds

Harvard and Numeric explanations, University of Sussex

Guidelines on reference listing, the Harvard system,University of ThamesValley

References

Amadeus. (1984) By Peter Shaffer. Dir. Milos Forman. Perf. F. Murray Abraham, Simon Callow. (USA: Warner Home Video)

Ashton, F. (1940) Dante Sonata, The Royal Ballet. (Lincoln Centre, New York) seen 10 July 2004.

Barnett, D. (2005) Reading and Performing Uncertainty: Michael Frayn’s Copenhagen and the Postdramatic Theatre. Theatre Research International, 30 (2), 139 – 49

Brittain, B. (1980) Eight Folk Songs Arrangements for High Voice and Harp. Osain Ellis, ed. (London: Faber)

Canton, U. (2007) A ‘True’ Likeness – the Role of Ethics for Biographical and Historical Theatre. Paper presented at TaPRa 2007 Conference. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, Department of Drama and Theatre Arts

DiGaetani, J (1991) A Search for Postmodern Theatre: Interviews with Contemporary Playwrights (New York & London: Greenwood Press)

Frayn, M. Democracy. (2003) Dir. Michael Blakemore (Wyndham Theatre: Royal National Theatre) Seen on 07th May 2003

Frayn, Michael (2002) Tom Paulin’s Wooly Thinking on Heisenberg. The Guardian. 5th April 2002, n.p.

Johnson, Terry (1982) Insignificance (London: Methuen)

Plath Helle, Anita (1989) Re-Presenting Women Writers on Stage: A Retrospective to the Present. In: Lydia Hart, ed. Making a Spectacle (Michigan: UP), 195 – 208

Scottish Arts Council (2006) Appraisal of Options for the Future Accommodation of the Scottish National Theatre (Edinburgh: Scottish Arts Council)

Taylor, Simon (2000) NT Education Workpack – The Cherry Orchard. [online]. Available from:

[Accessed 11th October 2007]

Urwin Jones, Sarah (2007) It’s pure Purcell – with strings attached. Timesonline.com [online]. Friday 5th October. Available from:

[Accessed 11th October 2007]

Vaughan-Williams, R. (2005) The Lark Ascending, romance for violin & orchestra In: Adagio II. Celestial Harmonies. 14052-2. Double CD. CD 2 Track 7.

Yes, Prime Minister: Episode 1, The Ministerial Broadcast. (1986) TV, BBC2, January 1986. 20.30 hrs.