Chapter9: Theageofenlightenment:Eighteenth-Centurythought

AP European HistoryChapter 9

Name ______Date ______Period ______

Chapter9: TheAgeofEnlightenment:Eighteenth-CenturyThought

_____ 1.ThetwomostimportantinfluencesonEnlightenmentthoughtwere______.

A.GalileoandCopernicus

B.NewtonandCopernicus

C.LockeandNewton

D.GalileoandLocke

_____ 2.Anexpanding,literatepublicandthegrowinginfluenceofsecularprintedmaterials

createdanewandincreasinglyinfluentialsocialforcecalled______.

A.publicopinion

B.socialpremise

C.societaldrive

D.communalview

_____ 3.____,aneighteenth-centuryphilosopher,wasknownasthe“JewishSocrates.”

A.ThomasHobbes

B.BaruchSpinoza

C.RenéDescartes

D.MosesMendelssohn

_____ 4.___publishedOnCrimesandPunishments,inwhichheappliedcriticalanalysistothe

problemofmakingpunishmentsbotheffectiveandjust.

A.JohnToland

B.DenisDiderot

C.JeanLeRondd’Alembert

D.MarquisCesareBeccaria

_____ 5.ThemostimportantpoliticalthoughtoftheEnlightenmentoccurredin______.

A.France

B.Holland

C.England

D.Scotland

_____ 6._____contendedthattheprocessofcivilizationandtheEnlightenmenthadcorrupted

humannature.

A.AdamSmith

B.Jean-JacquesRousseau

C.RenéDescartes

D.CharlesdeMontesquieu

_____ 7.Herderisfamousforhisearlyviewsconcerning______.

A.intellectualrealism

B.culturalrelativism

C.socialdemocracy

D.relativeabsolutism

_____ 8.___maintainedthatwomenwerenotnaturallyinferiortomenandthatwomenshould

haveawiderroleinsociety.

A.AdamSmith

B.Jean-JacquesRousseau

C.RenéDescartes

D.CharlesdeMontesquieu

_____9.Whichofthefollowingstylesofartutilizeslavish,oftenlighthearteddecorationwith

anemphasisonpastelcolorsandtheplayoflight?

A.baroque

B.Rococo

C.Impressionism

D.Neoclassicism

_____10.Whichofthefollowingstylesofartembodiesareturntofigurativeandarchitectural modesdrawnfromtheRenaissanceandtheancientworld?

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A.Rococo

B.abstract

C.Impressionism

D.Neoclassicism

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_____11._____,whoembodiedenlightenedabsolutismmorethananyothermonarch,forgeda

statethatcommandedtheloyaltyofthemilitary,theJunkernobility,theLutheranclergy,

andagrowingbureaucracy.

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A.JosephII

B.MariaTheresa

C.FredericktheGreat

D.CatherineII

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_____12.Aspartofherterritorialaspirations,CatherinetheGreatpainlesslyannexedthenewly

independentstateof______in1783.

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A.Estonia

B.Crimea

C. Livonia

D.Romania

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_____13.HowdidVoltairecometoadmireEnglishculture?

A.HereadtheworksofEnglishphilosophes.

B.HevisitedEnglandonholiday.

C.HewastheFrenchambassadortoEngland.

D.HelivedinexileinEngland.

_____14.Theissuemostrelevanttophysiocratswas______.

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A.legalreform

B.women’ssocialstatus

C.legislativereform

D.propertyrights

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_____15.ThesubjectmatterofRococo style paintings with scenes of leisure, romance and seduction

ledtoafeelingofhostilitytowardthe______.

A.politicalandsocialelitesoftheOldRegime

B.noblesatcourt

C.monarchy

D.peasantry

_____16.Whobelievedthattheintentofpunishmentshouldbetodeterfurthercrime,notto

imposethewillofGod?

A.Voltaire

B.Jean-JacquesRousseau

C.MaryWollstonecraft

D.MarquisCesareBeccaria

_____17.FromwheredidthefirstimportsofcoffeecometosupplytheEuropeancoffeehouses?

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A.fromBrazil

B.fromtheCaribbean

C.fromAfrica

D.fromtheOttomanEmpire

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_____ 18.Whichofthefollowingphilosophesarguedagainsttheabusesofimperialism?

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A.MosesMendelsohn

B.ImmanuelKant

C.AdamSmith

D.CesareBeccaria

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_____ 19.Whichphilosopheiscreditedwithaprofoundeffectontheconstitutionalformofliberal

democraciesformorethantwocenturies?

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A.CharlesdeMontesquieu

B.Voltaire

C.BaruchSpinoza

D.Jean-JacquesRousseau

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_____ 20.WhenImmanuelKantcalledhisage“anageofEnlightenment,”hestressedthe

Enlightenmentas______.

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A.thehigheststageofachievement

B.AdamSmith’sfourthstage

C. the past

D.aworkinprogress

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_____ 21.Thetwomajorpointsinthedeists’creedwere______.

A.thebeliefinanafterlifedependentuponone’searthlyactionsandtheexistenceofarational

God

B.thebeliefintheexistenceofarationalGodandtheexistenceofabsoluteprinciples

C.thebeliefinanafterlifedependentuponone’searthlyactionsandtheexistenceofabsolute

principles

D.thebeliefintheexistenceofabsoluteprinciplesandtheillogicalnatureofGod’sexistence

_____ 22.Montesquieuhopedtocountermonarchicaloppressionwith______.

A.democracy

B.independentbranchesofgovernment

C.alegislativebodythatwouldheadthegovernment

D.atheocracy

_____ 23.WhatwasthepurposeofVoltaire’sinterestintheexecutionofJeanCalas?

A.Voltairewishedtodemonstratethehorrorofreligiousfanaticismandtheneedforjudicial

reform.

B.VoltairewasrelatedtoJeanCalasandwishedtoclearhisname.

C.VoltairewashiredbythefamilyofCalastoclearhisnameafterhewasexecuted.

D.Voltairewantedtodemonstratethatreligiousgoalswouldfindthetruthintheend.

_____ 24.TheEncyclopedia______.

A.secularizedlearningandspreadEnlightenmentideasthroughoutEurope

B.soldabout1,200copies

C.receivedofficialsupport

D.waswrittenbyDenisDiderotandJeanLeRondd’Alembert

_____ 25.AccordingtoSmith’sfour-stagetheory,humansocieties______.

A.havenorealmoralbasis

B.canbereligious,secular,scientific,orsuperstitious

C.movefrombarbarismtocivilization

D.canbeclassifiedashunter-gatherer,pastoral,agricultural,orknowledge-worker

_____ 26.Whichconnectionbetweenworkandauthorisaccurate?

A.Theologico-PoliticalTreatise:Mendelsohn

B.PersianLetters:Montesquieu

C.Encyclopedia:Spinoza

D.Candide:Diderot

_____ 27.MostEuropeanthinkersassociatedwiththeEnlightenment______.

A.favoredtheextensionofEuropeanempiresacrosstheworld

B.weremembersoftheartisanclass

C.wereproponentsofdemocracy

D.wereatheists

_____ 28.Thephilosophesgenerally______.

A.advocatedfundamentalchangesinthesocialconditionofwomen

B.believedwomentobesociallyequalbutnotpoliticallyequaltomen

C.saidlittleaboutwomen

D.werenotavidfeminists

_____29.Neoclassicalpaintingsweredidacticratherthanemotional,andtheirsubjectmatter

usuallyconcerned______.

A.publiclifeorpublicmorals

B.intimatefamilylife

C.dailyroutines

D.leisureactivities

_____30.MonarchssuchasJosephIIandCatherineIImade“enlightened”reformspartoftheir

driveto______.

A.increaserevenuesandgainpoliticalsupport

B.begintheprocessofmovingawayfrommonarchy

C.begintheprocessofmovingtowardconstitutionalmonarchy

D.givecommonersmorepoliticalpower

_____ 31.Themonarchthatmostexemplifiesenlightenedabsolutismwas______.

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A.JosephII

B.MariaTheresa

C.FredericktheGreat

D.CatherineII

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_____32.Ofalltherisingstatesoftheeighteenthcentury,______wasthemostdiverseinits

peopleandproblems.

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A.Austria

B.Russia

C.Prussia

D.France

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_____ 33.JosephIIofAustria______.

A.soughttoimprovetheproductivityandsocialconditionsofthepeasantry

B.increasedthetaxburdenonthepeasantry

C.reducedtheserfstoslaves

D.builtmanyCatholicseminariesandallowedthechurchtotalautonomy

_____34.TheideasofMaryWortleyMontagudifferedfrommostcontemporaryEuropeanwriters andthinkersbecauseshe______.

A.hadreadPersianpoetryextensively

B.hadfirst-handknowledgeoftheMuslimworld

C.approachedIslamthroughcomparisonwithChristianity

D.hadbeenraisedMuslim

_____ 35.DeismreflectedEnlightenmentintellectualcurrentsin______.

A.rejectingthenotionofadeity

B.itsrationalapproach

C.havingaspecialroleforwomeninitsobservations

D.itsoppositiontoIslam

_____36.WhichstatementbestsummarizesRousseau’swritingsabouttheroleofwomenin

society?

A.Rousseau’sviewshadlittleimpactontheideasofhiscontemporaries.

B.Rousseau’sideaswerenovelandsurprisingformostofhisreaders.

C.Rousseauwasconsideredprogressiveandliberalinhisideasofwomen.

D.Rousseau’straditionalideasdeeplyinfluencedmanyleadersonthesubjectofgenderroles.

_____ 37.WhatwastheeffectofthePrussianCivilServiceCommission?

A.ItsubordinatedthenobilityandaristocracytothestateinPrussiaunderFredericktheGreat.

B.ItplacedtheJunkersundertheauthorityofthenoblesinPrussiaunderMariaTheresa.

C.Itledtoariseintheprosperityofthemiddleclass.

D.Itcausedadecreaseinpropertyrightsforthenobility

_____38.HowdidprintculturecontributetotheEnlightenmentandthecallforreformthroughout

Europe?

A.Increasingliteracyandthevolumeofbooksprintedencouragedthediscussionofideasabout

reform.

B.Thegreaternumberofprintshopsemployedalargenumberofpeopleandraisedthe

standardoflifeforthemiddleclass.

C.Governmentswereabletodistributetheirideasinwritingtoawidernumberofpeople.

D.ReferencebookssuchastheEncyclopediawereavailabletomostuniversities.

_____ 39.After1688,whichoftheseremainedoppressedinBritain?

A.LutheransandUnitarians

B.LutheransandJews

C.JewsandRomanCatholics

D.UnitariansandRomanCatholics

_____ 40.PhilosophesweremostdirectintheirattacksonChristian______.

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A.clergy

B.beliefs

C.institutions

D.schools

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_____ 41.Smith’sfour-stagetheoryplacedEuropeanculture______.

A.inthethirdstage

B.atthesummitofhumanachievement

C.intheEnlightenmentstageofdevelopment

D.inastagebeyondthefourthstage

_____ 42.FredericktheGreat’sreligioustolerationcanbeseenas______.

A.basedonpracticalpolitics

B.anoutgrowthofhisownatheism

C.anattempttounderminetheOttomanEmpire

D.aweaponagainstRussia

_____43.CatherinetheGreat’sreformswereultimatelydampenedbywhichofthese

considerations?

A.thevastnessofRussia

B.theexpenseofwarwithAustria

C.anumberofreligiousuprisings

D.theneedtoplacatethenobility

Short Answer: 3 points each

1.CompareandcontrastindetailtheRococoandneoclassicalstylesineighteenth-centuryart.

Becertaintoaddressthehistoryofthestyles,politicalassociations,andfamousartiststhat