Outline Notes: Not completed in Sentence format

Chapter 6 A New Industrial Age

Section 1 The Expansion of Industry

Natural Resources fuel Industrialization

  • Several factors to industrial boom: wealth of natural resources, government support for business, and urban population growing
  • Edwin L. Drake: used the steam engine in drilling process to increase capacity of oil output
  • Bessemer Process: process of Injecting hot air into iron to make steel which was a stronger material
  • New uses for Steel: BrooklynBridge, skyscrapers, and cars
  • Thomas Alva Edison: invented a system of producing and distributing electricity over greater areas
  • Christopher Sholes: invented the typewriter
  • Alexander Graham Bell: invented telephone and world wide communications network

Section 2 The Age of the Railroads

Railroads span time and space

  • America makes the first transcontinental railroad, it connects the east and west coast
  • Professor C. F. Dowd: invents time zones by dividing up the earth into 24 time zones
  • The railroads puts demands on major manufacturing for the products from them
  • New towns and markets develop along the railroad
  • George M. Pullman: Company that produces sleeper cars for travelers, eventually so big that he makes his own town and rules
  • Credit Mobilier: a construction company that charged two to three times the actually cost were the owners made the excess profit.
  • The Grange demands government control of the railroad because of abuses: government land grants and selling excess for profit, and overcharging cargos to there destinations
  • Granger laws: set maximum freight and passenger rates along with prohibiting discrimination
  • Munn v. Illinois: challenges granger laws, Supreme court upholds the granger laws
  • Interstate Commerce Act 1887: Federal government supervises railroad activities and establishes a five member commission/interstate commerce commission to regulate rates
  • Panic and Consolidation: many railroads go bankrupt, JP MORGAN and Company takes over and reorganizes the railroads.

Section 3 Big Business and Labor

Andrew Carnegie Steel Company

  • Business innovations
  • Vertical Integration: a process of buying out his suppliers needed in his business
  • Horizontal Integration: a process of buying out all competitors and controlled the prices

Social Darwinism and business

  • Social Darwinism: believed in the process of natural selection, only the strong will survive and live on.
  • 4000 millionares emerged after the Civil War

John D. Rockefeller: Standard Oil Company

  • Joined competing companies in trust agreements and led his control of oil industry
  • Controlled 90% of the oil refining business
  • Critics of these big business people called them ROBBERBARONS
  • Eventually gave away half his fortune to charities and other foundations: started the Rockefeller foundation

Government, the southern economy, and the Unions

  • Sherman Anti-trust act: made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between States. The act was hard to enforce and courts threw out most of the cases
  • Southern economy was bypassed by the industrial boom
  • Long hours, poor working conditions, and low wages brings labor unions to form
  • National Labor Union, Knights of labor, and Samuel Gompers American Federation of labor brings different skilled people to form unions
  • Colored people were not able to join so they formed their own unions
  • Industrial Unions: Eugene V. Debs forms American Railway Union
  • William “Big Bill” Haywood forms Industrial Workers of the World or the Wobblies
  • All strike in protest of better working conditions

Great Strikes

  • The Great Strike of 1877: Baltimore and Ohio Railroad protest 2nd wage cut in a month, the strike turns violent
  • The Haymarket Affair: Protest of police brutality turns violent after someone from the protesters tossed a bomb into the crowd.
  • The Homestead Strike: At Carnegie steel plant in Pennsylvania about bad working conditions, the Pinkerton Detective Agency was there to protect plant and workers who were still on the job, it turns violent
  • Pullman Company Strike: After cutting workers and wages, workers went on strike, and he hired strikebreakers. This clash between workers and strikers turned violent.
  • Women organize under Mary Harris Jones (Mother Jones) to protect women and child labor
  • Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire: Brings government into reform labor and conditions. Workers were locked in building with no way to escape.
  • Many factories forced workers to sign Yellow Dog Contracts (workers could not join labor unions).
  • Unions would continue to grow throughout the century.