Chapter 5: Cell Structure and Function

5-1: The Cell Theory

The Cell Theory

All living things are made of ______

Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things

______, a Dutch biologist, was the inventor of the microscope

oEnabled him to see things that no one had ever seen before

The Cell Theory

Van Leeuwenhoek’s work interested other people

o______examined slices of cork

oSaw that it was composed of thousands of tiny chambers

oCalled these chambers ______

Over the next 200 years, other scientists began to discover that cells were not only found in plants but in other living things too

o______—1833—discovered the nucleus

o______—1838—stated that all plants are made of cells

o______—1839—all animals are made of cells

o______—1855—all cells arise from preexisting cells

The observations of these scientists are summarized into the ______

o______

o______

o______

Chapter 5: Cell Structure and Function

5-2: Cell Structure

Cell Structure

Enormous variety in the ______and ______of cells

Despite differences in size and shape, there are certain structures that are common to most cells

The cells of animals, plants, and related organisms have three basic structures: ______, or boundary of the cell; ______, or control center; and ______, or material between the cell membrane and the nucleus

Cell Membrane

All cells are separated from their surroundings by a ______

______

oRegulates what enters and leaves the cell

oAids in protection and support of the cell

It must communicate with other cells, take in food and water, and eliminate wastes

Composed of several kinds of molecules

o______

o______

o______

Cell Wall

In organisms such as plants, algae, and some bacteria, the cell membrane is surrounded by a ______

oHelps ______the cell

oVery ______—allows water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other substances to pass through

oMade of ______

Nucleus

In many cells we can see a large, dark structure, called the ______

oContains ______

______are organisms whose cells lack nuclei

o______

o______

______are organisms whose cells contain nuclei

oMostly ______

Nuclear Envelope

Surrounding the nucleus are two membranes that form the ______

oForm the boundary around the nucleus

Contains dozens of ______allowing substances to flow in and out of the nucleus

Nucleolus

Most nuclei contain a small region called the ______that is made up of ______

oThe structure in which ______are made

Aid in the production of proteins within the cell

Chromosomes

The DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells is attached to special proteins and forms large structures called ______

oContain the genetic information that must be passed to each new generation of cells

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is the area between the ______and the ______

Contains many important structures

Chapter 5: Cell Structure and Function

5-3: Cytoplasmic Organelles

Cytoplasmic Organelles

The structures inside the cytoplasm are generally called ______

An organelle is a tiny structure that performs a specialized function in the cell

oEach organelle has a ______

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts: Power Stations

All living things require ______

The ______and the ______are key organelles that change energy from one form to another

oMitochondria change chemical energy in food into compounds that the cell can use

oChloroplasts trap solar energy and convert it into chemical energy

Mitochondrion

oContains ______special membranes

Outer membrane ______the organelle

Inner membrane has many folds that increase the ______of the mitochondrion

Chloroplast

oFound only in ______and ______

o______membranes

Two envelope-like membranes

Third membrane where the sun’s energy is changed into chemical energy

Ribosomes: Protein Factories

______are the structures in which proteins are made

oMade of RNA and protein

oSome are ______to membranes; some are found ______in the cytoplasm

oAmong the ______organelles

Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus: Manufacturers and Shippers

Many cells are filled with a complex network of sacs known as the ______, or ______

o______through the inside of the cell

oTwo types:

______—no ribosomes attached

______—ribosomes attached—involved in the synthesis of proteins

Proteins are often modified by special enzymes that attach carbs and lipids to them

In most cases, the proteins are first moved into special compartments known as the ______

oFlattened stack of membranes

oAfter modification, the proteins may then be released from the cell

**The Golgi apparatus modifies, collects, packages, and distributes molecules made at one location of the cell and used at another**

Lysosomes: Cleanup Crews

When a cell encircles a particle, the cell membrane forms a pocket around the foreign material

The foreign material must now be ______, or broken down

o______

Contain ______and ______necessary for digestion

Formed by the ______

Plants cells do not have lysosomes

Vacuoles and Plastids: Storage Tanks

______store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

______are plant organelles that may take many forms, one of which is the chloroplast

oInvolved in the storage of food and pigments

oExamples:

Leukoplasts—store starch

Chromoplasts—store pigments

Cytoskeleton: Framework

Most cells are capable of some type of movement

______– framework of filaments and fibers that support cell structure and drive cell movement

o______-long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell

o______-hollow tubes made out of proteins

______