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Chapter 24-Section 2 Notes
Europe Faces Revolutions:
-Under leadership of Prince Metternich of Austria Congress of Vienna tried to restore the old monarchies and territorial divisions that had existed before the French Revolution
-3 schools of Political thought in European societies
-Conservative: Wealthy property owners and nobility. They wanted traditional
monarchies of Europe
-Liberal: Middle class business leaders and merchants. They wanted more power
to elect parliament. Only educated and landowners would be able to vote
-Radical: Believed in democracy to all people. Governments should practice
liberty, equality and brotherhood
-Nationalism: Belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire
but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history.
Nation-state: When a nation had its own independent government it became a nation state.
Most of the people who believed in nationalism were either liberals or radicals
Greeks: (Christian)- first group of people to win self rule during this period.. Greece was part of Ottoman Empire. Ottomans controlled Balkans (region of Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, and Turkey). Demanded Independence and rebelled against Ottomans (Muslim). British, French and Russians (Christians) supported and helped Greece win their independence.
Liberals and Nationalists in Europe openly revolting against conservative governments
Most liberal gains lost to conservatives within a year.
Reform in France
France King Charles X tried to stage a return to absolute monarchy. People rioted and Charles had to leave country. Louis-Philippe replaced him and Louis supported liberal reforms. 18 years later Louis-Phillipe is overthrown, Louis-Napoleonwins presidential election. Takes title of Emperor Napoleon III . He built roads, encouraged industrialization, unemployment decreases and country sees prosperity
Reform in Russia
Had feudal system serfs bound to nobles whose land they worked on. Czars didn’t want this to end, freeing serfs would anger landowners whose support the czars needed. Czar Nicholas I fights against Ottomans in Crimean War and loses. Nicholas’s son Alexander II starts reforming and frees the serfs. Peasant communities received about half the farmland in country. Nobles kept other half. Peasant community had 49 years to pay governemtn back for land. Serfs legally free debt still tied them to land.