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Chapter 22 Study Guide
World History AP
Chapter 22 Summary
The Age of Progress, as the period from 1870-1914 had been called, lulled the people of Europe into believing that mankind had evolved to the brink of ultimate happiness, security, wealth and peace. Within this period had also developed, however, rising militant nationalism, secret alliances, and a massive arms race. The slaughter and destruction of the First World War shattered the illusions of Europeans and the world. This was the first total war, which engulfed the resources and populations of entire nations, and the war ushered in the idea of strong central governments that restricted civil liberties in the name of national security. The doubts and uncertainties revealed by the war also gave rise to revolutionary changes in Russia and the Middle East. The peace that followed proved a failure and served more as a temporary lull in the fighting. Economic catastrophe led to the rise of totalitarian governments and then a second world war. In addition, Europe lost its power to control world affairs; colonial peoples no longer looked to Europe to provide leadership.
Chapter 22 Outline
Road to World War I
Nationalism and Internal Dissent
Militarism
Outbreak of War: The Summer of 1914
The Great War
1914-1915: Illusions and Stalemate
1916-1917: Great Slaughter
Widening of the War
Middle East, Africa, East Asia, and the Pacific
Entry of the United States
Home Front: The Impact of Total War
War and Revolution
Russian Revolution
Civil War
Last Year of the War
Peace Settlement
Treaty of Versailles
Other Peace Treaties
The Futile Search for Stability
Uncertain Peace, Uncertain Security
Great Depression
Democratic States
Socialism in Soviet Russia
In Pursuit of a New Reality: Cultural and Intellectual Trends
Nightmares and New Visions
Probing the Unconscious
Conclusion
Terms and Persons to Know
World History AP: Chapter 22
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1. Archduke Francis Ferdinand
2. national aspirations
3. socialist labor movements
4. conscription
5. militarism
6. Austria-Hungary and Russia
7. Serbia
8. Emperor William II
9. Tsar Nicholas II
10. mobilization
11. Schlieffen Plan
12. France
13. Belgium
14. Great Britain
15. illusions
16. Western Front
17. Eastern Front
18. Italy
19. trench warfare
20. Allies
21. Ottoman Empire
22. Central Powers
23. world conflict
24. Lawrence of Arabia
25. United States
26. total war
27. civilian morale
28. dissent
29. Georges Clemenceau
30. propaganda
31. new roles for women
32. tsarist government
33. Rasputin
34. Petrograd strikes
35. Provisional Government
36. Alexander Kerensky
37. Bolsheviks
38. V. I. Lenin
39. three slogans
40. Leon Trotsky
41. Winter Palace
42. Communists
43. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
44. war communism
45. Cheka
46. Red Terror
47. armistice
48. peace settlement
49. Woodrow Wilson
50. Paris Peace Conference
51. Big Four powers
52. Big Three
53. League of Nations
54. Treaty of Versailles
55. Eastern European peace treaties
56. Ottoman Empire
57. Adolf Hitler
58. Dawes Plan
59. Kellogg-Briand pact
60. World Disarmament Conference
61. Great Depression
62. stock market
63. bank failures
64. unemployment
65. communism
66. fascism
67. "return to normalcy"
68. postwar Great Britain
69. postwar France
70. Popular Front
71. Weimar Republic
72. Paul von Hindenburg
73. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
74. New Deal
75. Politburo
76. Joseph Stalin
77. disillusionment
78. social innovations
World History AP: Chapter 22
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Glossary
World History AP: Chapter 22
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1. anarchism
2. authoritarian state
3. balance of power
4. collective security
5. conscription
6. depression
7. dialectic
8. fascism
9. isolationism
10. Lebensraum
11. Leninism
12. mandates
13. militarism
14. nationalism
15. nationalization
16. New Economic Policy
17. proletariat
18. reason of state
19. reparations
20. revolutionary socialism
21. self-determination
22. soviets
23. totalitarian state
24. total war
25. trench warfare
26. war communism
World History AP: Chapter 22
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Primary Sources
Primary Sources for World War I:
"You Have to Bear the Responsibility for War or Peace": Communications between Berlin and St. Petersburg on the Eve of World War I
Ø Do you think that these "sincere and devoted" friends and cousins, Emperor William II and Tsar Nicholas II, could have prevented World War I?
Ø Was Emperor William II correct when he said in his telegram of July 30 that the Tsar alone would "...have to bear the responsibility for war or peace"?
The Excitement of War: Stefan Zweig, The World of Yesterday
Ø Why did war seem, as Zweig writes, "legendary...romantic and heroic" to the generation that thronged to the battlefields of World War I? How long would these illusions last?
Ø What caused the Viennese Zweig observed to feel "...what they should have felt in peace time, that they belonged together"?
Ø Why do you think that peace was a less effective unifier of countries? Is this still true today?
The Reality of War: Trench Warfare from Erich Maria Remarque, All Quiet on the Western Front
Ø What is causing the "madness and despair" Remarque describes in the trenches? Why does the recruit in this scene apparently go insane?
Ø In the last paragraph of this excerpt, why has the author chosen the image of a cradle to describe the death of one unnamed French soldier?
Women in the Factories: Naomi Loughnan, "Munition Work"
Ø The two groups Naomi Loughnan observes closely in this passage are men and lower-class women. What has she learned about these groups while working in the munitions factory?
Ø What did she learn about herself? In postwar Europe, how would women employ their newfound skills, knowledge, and confidence?
Primary Source for the Russian Revolution:
Ten Days That Shook the World: Lenin and the Bolshevik Seizure of Power, from John Reed, Ten Days That Shook the World
Ø Why did Lenin address himself to French, English, and German workers in addition to Russian ones?
Ø What methods would Lenin and Trotsky use to solidify the Communist rule of Russia?
World War I Primary Source:
The Voice of Peacemaking: Woodrow Wilson, May 26, 1917
Ø How did the goals of President Wilson differ from the settlement desired by the other Allied powers?
Ø What definition of democracy underlies Wilson's speeches about the postwar settlement of Europe?
Primary Source for the Great Depression:
The Great Depression: Unemployed and Homeless in Germany, from Heinrich Hauser, "With Germany's Unemployed"
Ø Why did Hauser compare the scene he describes from 1932 with the years of 1917 and 1918? Why does he compare the hungry men with animals? What personal experiences informed Hauser's descriptions?
Ø What programs supported the unemployed and homeless in postwar Germany?
Ø Did Germany's "war guilt" aggravate this situation?
Literature after World War I:
Hesse and the Unconscious: Herman Hesse, Demian
Ø How is Hesse's interest in the unconscious appear in this excerpt?
Ø Why was a dislike of mechanized society particularly intense after World War I?
World History AP: Chapter 22