CHAPTER 2 – PHYSIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR

I.THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
  1. The Neuron –
  1. Cell
  2. Dendrites – short
  3. Axon – very thin
  4. Nerve – group axons
  5. Myelin sheath – fatty
  6. Sensory (afferent) –
  7. Motor (efferent) –
  8. Interneurons (association neurons)
  1. The Neural Impulse
  1. Resting state – cell membrane
  2. When allows sodium – travel down membrane
  3. Neuron does not fire
  4. Graded potential – shift in electric
  5. Absolute refractory periods –
  6. Relative refractory period –
  7. Nodes – pinched
  8. Strength – stronger
  1. The Synapse
  1. Axon terminal
  2. Synaptic space or
  3. Synapse – area composed
  4. Transfer is made by chemicals
  1. Synaptic vesicles – tiny oval

1.)Acetylcholine (ACh) excitatory

2.) Inhibitory

a.)Dopamine

b.)Norepinephrine

c.)Enkephalins & endorphins

  1. Neurotransmitter – destroyed or
  1. Synapses and Drugs
  1. Most drugs affecting
  2. Some impede release

a. Botulism - ACh

  1. Reserpine – transmitter to
  2. LSD – those blocking
  1. Some speed up
  1. black widows – more ACh
  1. Some work on receptor sites
  1. Morphine and other opiates –
  2. Atropine – belladonna
  3. Curare
  1. Interfere destruction neurotransmitter
  1. Caffeine – enzyme
  2. Cocaine – not
  1. Amphetamines
  1. Increase release
  2. Inhibit re-absorption
  1. Neurotransmitters cause certain
  1. Schizophrenia –
  2. Chlorpromazine – block
  1. Divisions of Nervous System
  1. CNS –
  2. Peripheral NS –
  1. The CNS
  1. The brain
  2. Hindbrain
  1. Medulla – breathing
  2. Pons – connects
  3. Cerebellum – 2 hemispheres
  1. Midbrain – hearing and
  2. Forebrain
  1. Thalamus – from sense
  2. Hypothalamus – motivation
  3. Cerebral cortex – hemispheres

1.)Sensory projection

2.)Motor projection

3.)Association – neither

4.)Frontal lobes – mental processes

5.)Occipital

6.)Temporal

7.)Parietal

  1. Hemispheric Specialization
  1. Corpus Callosum –
  2. Left – verbal
  3. Right – spatial
  1. Reticular Formation
  1. Netlike bundle
  2. Signals higher
  3. Allows concentrate one
  1. The Limbic System
  1. Ring structures
  2. Hypothalamus, etc.
  3. Nerve fibers
  4. Hippocampus
  1. Spinal Cord
  1. Permit some
  2. Carry messages to
  1. The Peripheral Nervous System
  1. The Somatic –
  2. The Autonomic –
  1. Sympathetic
  2. Parasympathetic –
  1. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

-hormones – chemical substances

-endocrine glands

  1. The Thyroid Gland
  1. Just below
  2. Thyroxin – regulates
  1. Parathyroids
  1. Embedded in
  2. Parathormone
  1. Pancreas
  1. Curve between stomach
  2. Insulin and glycogen
  1. Pituitary Glands – largest number
  1. Underside of brain and
  2. 2 parts
  1. Posterior pituitary –
  2. Anterior pituitary
  1. Gonads testes
  1. Stimulates reproductive
  2. Secondary sex
  1. Adrenal Glands
  1. Just above
  2. 2 parts
  1. medulla
  2. cortex
  1. Hormones
  1. Beta Endorphin
  2. ACTH – messenger
  3. Epinephrine and
  1. BEHAVIOR GENETICS
  1. Genetics – how plants and
  1. Gregor Mendel
  2. Genes
  3. Chromosomes – pairs
  4. DNA – main ingredient
  5. Dominant and
  6. Polygenic inheritance –
  7. Effects heredity not immediately
  1. Genetics and Behavior
  1. Wimer and Wimer (1985) hypertension, epilepsy
  2. Animal Behavior Genetics
  1. Strain studies
  2. Selection studies
  1. Human behavior genetics
  1. Family Studies (Galton)
  2. Twin Studies
  1. Social Implications of Behavior Genetics
  1. Genetic Counseling
  2. Amniocentesis