Name ______Date ______Hour______

CHAPTER 2 MINERALS

Reading Guide

Chapter 2.2 Minerals

Read this section on pages 44-49 and answer the following questions.

Minerals

  1. What is

a mineral?______

  1. What does naturally

occurring mean? ______

  1. Why is mercury

not a mineral? ______

  1. What does it mean to be

a crystalline substance? ______

  1. Why is quartz a mineral and opal not, even

though they contain the same elements? ______

  1. What is the chemical

formula for quartz?______

  1. What does

inorganic mean?______

How Minerals Form

  1. Where do

silicates form? ______

  1. Where do

carbonates form? ______

Crystallization From Magma

  1. What is

magma? ______

  1. Where does

it form? ______

  1. As magma cools, which

minerals form first? ______

  1. Last?

______

Precipitation

  1. What happens as water, which has

many dissolved minerals, evaporates? ______

  1. List two minerals that form from precipitation.
  1. ______
  1. ______

Pressure and Temperature

  1. What does an increase in

pressure cause minerals to do? ______

  1. What can happen when a change in temperature

causes a mineral to become unstable? ______

Hydrothermal Solutions

  1. What are

hydrothermal solutions? ______

  1. What is the temperature range

of hydrothermal solutions? ______

Mineral Groups

  1. How many minerals

have been named? ______

  1. How are minerals

classified into groups?______

  1. What is the most common

group of minerals on Earth?______

Silicates

  1. What are the two most abundant

minerals in Earth’s crust?______

  1. What do they

combine to form?______

  1. How do most silicate

minerals crystallize?______

  1. What clues can silicate

minerals provide to scientists?______

Carbonates

  1. What do

carbonates contain?______

  1. What is the most common

carbonate mineral?______

Oxides

  1. Oxides are minerals

that contain what?______

  1. List three oxides.
  2. ______
  1. ______
  1. ______

Sulfates and Sulfides

  1. What do sulfates

and sulfides contain? ______

  1. What is the chemical

equation of galena? ______

Halides

  1. What are

halides? ______

  1. What are two elements

in the halogen group? ______

Native Elements

  1. What are

native elements? ______

  1. List seven native elements.
  2. ______
  1. ______
  1. ______
  1. ______

Chapter 2.3 Properties of Minerals

Read this section on pages 50-54 and answer the following questions.

Color

  1. Is color useful in

identifying minerals? ______

  1. Why or

why not? ______

Streak

  1. What is a

minerals streak?______

  1. Why is a minerals streak a

better indicator than the color?______

Luster

  1. What is

luster?______

  1. In what two ways can it be described?
  1. ______
  1. ______

Crystal Form

  1. What is

crystal form?______

  1. What is the shape

of a quartz crystal? ______

  1. What is needed for a crystal to

develop with well-formed faces? ______

Hardness

  1. What is

hardness?______

  1. What is the standard

hardness scale called?______

  1. What does this

scale consist of?______

  1. What is the hardness

of your fingernail?______

  1. What is the

hardness of glass?______

  1. What is the hardest

mineral on Earth?______

Cleavage

  1. What happens when

weak bonds are stressed? ______

  1. What is

cleavage? ______

  1. How does

mica cleave? ______

  1. How many directions of

cleavage does halite have? ______

Fracture

  1. What is

fracture? ______

  1. What is

conchoidal fracture? ______

Density

  1. What is

density? ______

  1. What two things can density be used to determine?
  1. ______
  1. ______

Distinctive Properties of Minerals

  1. List four distinctive properties.
  1. ______c. ______
  1. ______d. ______