Chapter 19: Emergence of Mass Society in the Western World
After 1870 nationalism surged to the forefront in European society and politics. Using modern technology, nations built vast military institutions and large armies, which became symbols of nationalistic pride. International rivalries over colonies divided the world and intensified anxieties throughout Europe. Nationalism also fostered ethnocentrism. In an attempt to foster support for national governments and to lessen the appeal of growing socialism, regimes offered social welfare programs to improve conditions for the working class. Also voting rights were extended to more male citizens. Governments now sought to improve benefits for the masses of its citizens such as free education and a better standard of living. Offering more opportunity for a better life promoted optimism, and technology allowed leisure time for everyone. Mass politics became a prominent feature of European society.
Growth of Industrial Prosperity
New Products and New Patterns
Toward a World Economy
Spread of Industrialization
Women and Work: New Job Opportunities
Organizing the Working Classes
Emergence of Mass Society
New Urban Environment
Social Structure of Mass Society
The Experiences of Women
Marriage and the Family
Movement for Women’s Rights
The New Woman
Education in an Age of Mass Society
Leisure in an Age of Mass Society
NationalState
Tradition and Change in Latin America
Political Change in Latin America
Rise of the United States
United States as a World Power
Growth of Canada
Europe
Western Europe: The Growth of Political Democracy
Central and Eastern Europe: Persistence of the Old Order
International Rivalry and the Coming of War
Ottoman Empire and Nationalism in the Balkans
Crises in the Balkans, 1908-1913
Toward the Modern Consciousness: Intellectual and Cultural Developments
A New Physics
Sigmund Freud and the Emergence of Psychoanalysis
Impact of Darwin: Social Darwinism and Racism
Anti-Semitism
Culture of Modernity
Conclusion
Terms and Persons to Know
second industrial revolution
steel
electricity
Thomas Edison
Joseph Swan
Alexander Graham Bell
Guglielmo Marconi
internal combustion engine
automobile and airplane
tariffs and cartels
two European economic zones
world economy
women's work
Marxism
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
The Communist Manifesto
Das Kapital
First and Second International
SPD
socialist parties
May Day
trade unions
evolutionary and revolutionary socialism
mass society
urbanization
public health reforms
V. A. Huber
housing
social classes
women
birth control
Dr. Aletta Jacob
family
women's rights
Amalie Sieveking
Florence Nightingale
Clara Barton
suffragists
Women's Social and Political Union
Bertha von Suttner
Maria Montessori
aims of mass education: skilled labor, educated electorate, and patriotism
female colleges
newspapers
mass leisure
Thomas Cook
sports
Latin American economy
middle sectors
industrialization of Latin America
Porfirio Díaz
Mexican Revolution
Francisco Madero
Emiliano Zapata
Spanish-American War
Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to U.S. Constitution
Ku Klux Klan
American industry
Progressive Era
Theodore Roosevelt
Woodrow Wilson
Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Islands
growth of Canada
democratization in Europe
Liberalsna and Conservatives
Labour Party
Chamber of Deputies
ThirdRepublic
Italy
Reichstag
Emperor William II
German nationalism
Emperor Francis Joseph
Russia
Alexander III
Nicholas II
Social Revolutionaries
Triple Alliance
Triple Entente
Ottoman Empire
Balkan nationalism
Bosnian Crisis
First and Second Balkan Wars
science
new physics
Marie Curie
Max Planck
quantum theory
Albert Einstein
theory of relativity
Sigmund Freud
psychoanalysis
repression
id, ego, and superego
Social Darwinism
Herbert Spencer
Houston Stewart Chamberlain
Volk
Aryans
anti-semitism
Zionism
Theodor Herzl
yishuvs
First Zionist Congress
Palestine
science and the churches
Leo XIII
Modernism
Naturalism
Émile Zola
Symbolist poets
Impressionism
Camille Pissarro
Berthe Morisot
Post-Impressionism
Vincent Van Gogh
photography
Pablo Picasso
Cubism
Vasily Kandinsky
functionalism
ChicagoSchool
Louis H. Sullivan
Frank Lloyd Wright
expressionism
Igor Stravinsky
anti-Semitism
bicameral legislature
Bolsheviks
capital
conscription
dialectic
evolutionary socialism
feminism
general strike
laissez-faire
Leninism
limited (constitutional ) monarchy
Marxism
mass education
mass leisure
mass politics
mass society
materialism
militarism
Modernism
nationalism
nationalities problem
nation-state
new imperialism
political democracy
proletariat
realism
Realpolitik
reason of state
revisionism
revolutionary socialism
Social Darwinism
socialism
social security/social insurance
sphere of influence
suffrage
surplus value
utopian socialists
welfare state
Zionism
Mapwork
Map 19.1. The Industrial Regions of Europe by 1914
What were the differences between the First and Second Industrial Revolutions?
How did steel and electricity contribute to the Industrial Revolution between 1870 and 1914?
Compare this map with Map 20.1. What progress was made in European railway systems between 1850 and 1914?
MapCanada, 1871
Why was it so difficult to govern Canada?
Map 19.2. Europe in 1871
How are the expansionist policies of the European nations and empires reflected in nineteenth-century European history?
What events gave rise to the formation of the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente? Of what nations are these composed?
Map 19.3. The Balkans at the end of 1913
How were Germany, France, Russia, and Great Britain indirectly involved in nationalistic struggles in the Balkans?
Were the Balkan conflicts religious, nationalistic, political, or ethnic in origin?
Map Palestine
What role did Theodore Herzl play in the development of a Jewish state?
Who controlled Palestine when Jews first began immigrating there?
Datework
Chronology: The NationalState: 1870-1914
In which countries did socialism have the most impact during the Nineteenth Century? With what results?
Why did Germany threaten the European balance of power? Which countries were most threatened by German unification and by German interest in expansion?
Chronology: European Diplomacy: 1871-1914
How did the nationalistic aspirations of Balkan peoples affect the Ottoman Empire?
How was Russia involved in these struggles for self-governance?
Which countries belonged to the Balkan League? Why did a Second Baltic War occur after the first was concluded?
Chapter Timeline: From Impressionism to the Mass Production of Ford's Model T
How did Impressionism differ from Romanticism and Realism? Did such differences hold true for all art forms?
What countries belonged to the Triple Alliance? To the Triple Entente? What set these nations against each other?
What long-term consequences did the publication of Freud's Interpretation of Dreams have on Western perceptions of reality?
Primary Sources
Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Primary Sources:
The Department Store and the Beginnings of Mass Consumerism: E. Lavasseur, On Parisian Department Stores, 1907
Did the invention of department stores respond to or create the new "consumer ethic" in industrialized societies? What was this new twentieth-century ethic?
According to Lavasseur, what were the positive effects of department stores on Parisian society?
How did mass marketing lead to lower consumer costs, and thus greater purchasing power for the middle class?
The Classless Society: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto
How did Marx and Engels define the proletariat? The bourgeoisie? Why did Marxists come to believe that this distinction was paramount for understanding history? For shaping the future?
What were the differences between the First and Second International Congresses of socialist leaders?
The Housing Venture of Octavia Hill, from Homes of the London Poor
Did Octavia Hill's housing venture create financial returns for her initial investment? What benefits did her tenants receive in turn?
Why were some tenants evicted? What new policies helped to arrange and support new tenants and those original tenants who remained?
What feelings and beliefs about the lower classes are evident in Hill's account? Are they implicit or explicit? Why?
Advice to Women: Be Independent, from Henrik Ibsen, A Doll's House
Contrast this passage from Ibsen with the preceding excerpt from Elizabeth Sanford which advises women to be dependent. On what points do the fictional Helmer and the non-fictional Sanford agree?
Why did Ibsen title this play "The Doll's House"?
Nora mentions finding a job. What sorts of jobs would a woman like Nora, who abandoned her home, find in nineteenth-century society? Why does Helmer emphasize her "blind inexperience"?
Zapata and Land Reform: The Plan of Ayala
Why did the hacienda system and its abuses prompt Zapata to issue the Plan of Ayala?
Why did both his origins and this proposal endear him to the common and poor people of Mexico?
The Voice of Zionism: Theodor Herzl, The Jewish State
Why was anti-Semitism gaining strength in nineteenth-century Europe? Was it new?
Why did Herzl believe that Palestine was necessary for Jews? What benefits would this state confer upon Turkey? Upon Europe? Upon all Christians?
Symbolist Poetry:
Symbolist Poetry: Art for Art's Sake, from Arthur Rimbaud, The Drunken Boat
What are the distinctions between Naturalist and Symbolist literature?
What parallels do you perceive between Symbolist poetry and Impressionist painting?
Artwork
Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Art:
An Age of Progress
Why did this writer for The Illustrated London News find the scenes on the right superior to those on the left?
What widespread nineteenth-century beliefs about scientific progress does this illustration reflect?
"Proletarians of the World, Unite."
What were the ideals of the nineteenth-century socialist parties? Why were the reforms they proposed attractive to many Europeans?
Why did some Marxists favor revolutionary over evolutionary tactics?
Working-Class Housing in London
What legislation did urban reformers introduce in the Nineteenth Century to change working-class housing conditions and to improve working-class neighborhoods?
A Middle-Class Family
What practices and activities fostered the ideals of the middle-class family in the Nineteenth Century?
A Women's College
Why were women valued as teachers in the United States' compulsory elementary educational system?
What were the goals of mass education?
When were women admitted into universities? In what numbers?
Emiliano Zapata
What were the causes and consequences of the Mexican Revolution? Why did Zapata step forward to lead this movement?
How did Zapata finish what Madero had begun?
Marie Curie
How did the discoveries of Marie Curie challenge the Newtonian conception of matter?
How does her work relate to that of Planck and Einstein?
Impressionism:
Berthe Morisot, Young Girl by the Window
What features of Impressionism are evident in Morisot's painting?
How did this movement get its name?
How is this scene typical of Morisot's work?
Post-Impressionism:
Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night
How did Post-Impressionism differ from Impressionism?
Cubism:
Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
What is Cubism?
How does the emphasis on inner reality in Cubism reflect the influence of Freudian concepts in early twentieth-century society?
Which revelations in physics contributed to the Modernist artistic movements? Is the New Physics reflected here?
Abstract Expressionism:
Vasily Kandinsky, Composition VIII, No. 2 (Painting with White Border)
What were the artistic values of abstract expressionist painters?
Why was such art termed "abstract"? Why "expressionist"?
How did the music of Igor Stravinsky create expressionism in music?