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Chapter 18 Reconstruction Ch. 20 Sec. 3 Discrimination

Learning Goal: Students will understand how a deeply divided nation moved forward after the Civil War and the long-term economic, political, and social implications of Reconstruction

Directions: Write each definition from the book on a separate sheet of paper – then choose the key words to enter into a circle graph to help you remember them. You may also use flashcards and pictures as study guides.

Thirteenth Amendment – (p. 558) Constitutional amendment that ended slavery
Section 1 (page 570)
Radical Republican–Congressman who favored using federal power to rebuild the South and promote African American rights
Reconstruction - period from 1865-1877 in which the U.S. government attempted to rebuild Southern society and governments
Freedmen’s Bureau - federal agency set up to help former enslaved people
Andrew Johnson - Democrat who became president after Lincoln was assassinated
black codes - laws that limited the Civil Rights or freedoms of former enslaved people
Fourteenth Amendment - constitutional amendment that made all people born in the U.S. (including former slaves) Citizens.
amnesty – official pardon
civil rights - rights granted to all citizens
impeach - to formally accuse the president of misconduct in office
veto - to prevent from becoming law (to object)
Section 2 (page 576)
freedmen’s school - school set up to educate newly freed African Americans
sharecropping - system under which landowners gave poor farmers seed, tools, and land to cultivate in exchange for part of their harvest
Ku Klux Klan - secret group that used violence to try to restore Democratic control of the South and to keep African Americans powerless
lynch–to kill without a trial
Section 3 (Page 582)
Fifteenth Amendment - constitutional amendment that stated that citizens could not be stopped from voting “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude”
Panic of 1873–financial panic in which banks closed and the stock market crashed
Compromise of 1877 - agreement that decided the 1876 presidential election (p. 587)
stock market - place where shares of ownership in companies are bought and sold
depression - time of low business activity and high unemployment.
compromise - settlement of difference in which each side gives up something it wants
Ulysses S. Grant - former Union General who became president in the Election of 1868
electoral votes - votes made by members of the Electoral College, which elects the presidents and vice-president.
amendment–formal alteration (change)or addition to the U.S. Constitution
Ch. 20 Section 3 (pages 650-655)
Jim Crow laws-Laws enacted in Southern states designed to segregationseparate white and black people
segregation - The separation of races
Plessy v. Ferguson - 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld the legality of segregation
Booker T. Washington - African- American leader who did not believe in challenging segregation.
W. E. B. Du Bois - African- American leader who fought against segregation and for equal rights and who helped found the NAACP
NAACP - National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
literacy - the ability to read and write

Answer thoroughly in complete sentences on a separate piece of paper

Then create the appropriate Thinking Map!

Section 1

  1. Compare Presidential Reconstruction under Johnson with Radical

Reconstruction. (pp. 572 and 574).

Reconstruction Under President Johnson / Reconstruction under Radical Republicans
  1. The Southern states had to ratify the 13th Amendment
  2. South had to accept the supreme power of the federal government
  3. Gave amnesty to or pardoned most Confederate officials and army officers allowing them to vote and hold office – this policy caused many problems.
/ 1.Their plan divided up the South into five military districts with federal troops sent to each.
2.To reenter the Union each Southern state needed to hold a constitutional convention, ratify the 14th Amendment
3. Guarantee Freedmen the right to vote.
  1. What were the effects of the reconstruction plans? (p. 572)

Johnson’s plan failed due to no supervision. The South went back to the old form of government they had before the war. Johnson didn’t try to meet the needs of freed African Americans: land, voting rights, equal protection under the law.

Places in the South passed Black Codesthat limited the freedoms of African Americans. Examples of a BC: in Mississippi African Americans had to have written proof of employment. No proof they could be arrested. African Americans were also forbidden to meet in unsupervised groups or to carry guns.

Congressional Reconstruction: radical republican

Under the RR plan states had to write a new Constitution. However, all the delegates to the republican. Three groups of delegates:

  1. Poor white farmers from the South(S). S called them Scalawags.
  2. Northerners, some who were conmen called Carpetbaggers.
  3. African Americans

With the new Constitutions written, most were approved by 1870. Nearly 700 AA’s served in state legislatures and 16 at the federal level during Reconstruction.

Ratified the 14th Amendment: all people born in the US, including former slaves, were now considered citizens. The 14th also said that there is equal protection under the law.

  1. Summarize (retell) why Andrew Johnson was impeached. (p. 575)

Andrew Johnson had conflicts with the Congress, so they passed a law called the Tenure of Office Act that said it was illegal for the President to fire any government official unless he had approval. Johnson went and fired his secretary of war, Stanton, and the House of Representatives impeached him, charged him with improper conduct. He went to trial in the Senate and was acquitted, found not guilty, by one vote.

Section 2

  1. List the ways the Freedmen’s Bureau and Freedmen’s Schools helped African Americans. (pp. 571, 578)
  1. Freedman’s provided schools for African Americans because it was illegal to educate slaves, it was necessary for freed slaves to learn how to read and write to look for jobs. Over 3,000 schools were started
  2. Besides schools, the F B also set up hospitals, and distributed food, clothes, and fuel.
  3. Former slaves also wanted to work the land, be farmers. They wanted to be financially independent. One suggestion by William Sherman was 40 acres and a mule. Former slaves would be given land to farm so they could feed their families and earn a living.
  1. Compare the Contract System and the Sharecropping system of farming. (p. 580)

Contract System / Sharecropping
Advantages
  1. Farmer earned wages
  2. Landowner supplied the land and supplies
  3. Families stayed together
  4. Farmers were able to choose who they worked for
Disadvantages
  1. Wages were low
  2. Landowners cheated poorly educated farmers
/ Advantages
  1. Families stayed together
  2. Landowner supplied the land and supplies
  3. Farmers earned a share of the crop harvest
  4. Farmers supervised their own work
Disadvantages
  1. Farmers had to buy supplies and food on credit from the landowner at high prices
  2. Landowner chose what to grow.

  1. Identify the goals of the Ku Klux Klan? (p. 581)

The goals of the Ku Klux Klan were to terrorize African Americans and the whites who supported them to prevent them from voting and return the Democrats to power in the South.

  1. Describe how the Republicans helped the African Americans during Reconstruction

The 15th Amendment: people couldn’t be stopped from voting because of their color, race, or previous servitude.

The Anti-Klan Bill: President Grant passed this law which stopped much of the Klan activity in the South. Although it slowed down the Klan, the law didn’t finish off the kill. It still existed

Section 3

8& 9. Explain the causes that led to the weakening of Reconstruction including Grant’s administration. (pp. 585-586)

A)Reconstruction was weakened because of scandals in the Republican Party. Grant put people in government positions who were corrupt. Because of this corruption the Republican Party was no longer unified and able to impose Reconstruction policies on the South.

B)Reconstruction was also weakened after the Panic of 1873. Americans blamed Republicans for the depression that followed the Panic of 1873 and elected more Democrats. The economic crisis caused Americans to lose interest in Reconstruction.

C)Finally because the Supreme Court made decisions that reversed some of the progress made to civil rights, these decisions also weaken Reconstruction.

  1. Give sufficient and related details regarding what finally led to the end of Reconstruction? (p. 586)

The Compromise of 1877 was a deal between the Democrats and Republicans after the election of 1876. Neither Rutherford B. Hayes nor Samuel Tilden received the majority of electoral votes. The election then went to a commission. A compromise was made: Hayes would become president, if all troops were removed from the South.

Chapter 20 Section 3 (pp. 651-655)

  1. List and elaborate on three obstacles African-Americans faced regarding racism in the late 1800’s.

1)AA’s were kept from voting due to poll taxes( Pay to vote. Many AA’s didn’t have the money to pay) and literacy tests (hard test, sometimes in a different language. If the person didn’t pass the test they couldn’t vote), Grandfather clauses: a person could vote if a person’s ancestor had voted before 1867)

2) AA’s safety was always in question due to KKK and lynching. Over 1,500 AA’s were lynched between 1885-1900.

3) Jim Crow laws that reinforced segregation to separate whites and blacks in public places: separate restrooms, schools, restaurants, etc.

  1. Recount the case and the decision made by the Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson.

1) 1892 - African American, Homer Plessy sued a Louisiana railroad company arguing segregation violated his 14th amendment rights against "equal protection under the laws".
2) District court judge John Ferguson ruled against his stating that LA had the right to make its own laws for railroad travel within the state.
3) Plessy appealed case to the U.S. Supreme Court
4) 1896 U.S. Supreme Court upheld Ferguson's ruling stating that although segregation treated races differently, it didn't treat one as legally unequal or inferior.
5) Ruling meant "separate but equal" became the law of the land. Even still, facilities were far from equal.

  1. Distinguish between Booker T. Washington’s and W.E.B. DuBois’s disagreements about segregation.

Booker T. Washington: Atlanta Compromise - African Americans learn tradesplus patience, enterprise and thrift. Advancement gained through economicsecurity. Not openly challenging segregation.
W.E.B. DuBois: Sociology professor. Fought against industrial jobs and segregation because segregation limited opportunities. Fought for highereducation and NAACP.

  1. Discusss the importance of the 13th, 14th,and 15th amendments