Chapter 16 PPT Lecture Notes with Blanks

Sections 16-1 through 16-9

Name: ______Date: ______Assignment #: ______

1) Core Case Study: Amory Lovins and The Rocky Mountain Institute (1)

•Amory Lovins, energy analyst

•Rocky Mountain Institute

•Nonprofit and nonpartisan

•Research and consulting on energy, energy efficiency, and renewable energy

•Consults with 80 major corporations and 50 foreign countries

2) Core Case Study: Amory Lovins and The Rocky Mountain Institute (2)

•Location: Snowmass, CO (U.S.)

•No conventional heating system

•Heating bills: <$50/year

•How is this possible?

3) 16-1 Improving energy efficiency can save the world at least a third of the energy it uses, and it can save the United States up to 43% of the energy it uses.

4) We Waste Huge Amounts of Energy (1)

•Energy efficiency

•Advantages of reducing energy waste:

•______

•Usually the ______to provide more energy

•Reduce ______and degradation

•Slow ______

•Increase economic and national security

5) We Waste Huge Amounts of Energy (2)

•Four widely used devices that waste energy

______
______
______
______

6) In the outputs graphic, what could be changed?

7) Name two advantages of reducing energy waste:

8) 16-2 We have a variety of technologies for sharply increasing the energy efficiency of industrial operations, motor vehicles, and buildings.

9) We Can Save Energy and Money in Industry and Utilities (1)

•Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP)

•Two forms of energy from same fuel source

•Replace ______electric motors

•Recycling materials

•Switch from low-efficiency incandescent lighting to higher-efficiency fluorescent and ______lighting

10) We Can Save Energy and Money in Industry and Utilities (2)

•Electrical grid system: outdated and wasteful

•Utility companies switching from promote use of energy to promoting ______

•Spurred by state utility commissions

11) Case Study: Saving Energy and Money with a Smarter Electrical Grid

•Smart grid

•Ultra-high-voltage

•Super-efficient transmission lines

•Digitally controlled

•Responds to local changes in demand and supply

•Two-way flow of energy and information

•Smart meters show consumers how much energy each appliance uses

•U.S cost -- $200-$800 billion; save $100 billion/year

12)We Can Save Energy and Money in Transportation

•Corporate average fuel standards (CAFE) standards

•Fuel economy standards ______in the U.S. countries

•Fuel-efficient cars are on the ______

•Hidden prices in ______: $12/gallon

•Car manufacturers and ______lobby to prevent laws to raise fuel taxes

•Should there be a feebate?

13) More Energy-Efficient Vehicles Are on the Way

•Superefficient and ______cars

•Gasoline-electric ______car

•Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

•Energy-efficient ______car

•Electric vehicle with a fuel cell

14) What is a hybrid car?

15) Science Focus: The Search for Better Batteries

•Current obstacles

•______

•Flammability

•Cost

•In the future

•______

•Viral battery

•Ultracapacitor

16) We Can Design Buildings That Save Energy and Money

•______architecture

•Living or ______

•______

•U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

17) We Can Save Money and Energy in Existing Buildings (1)

•Conduct an energy survey

•______

•Use energy-efficient windows

•Stop other heating and cooling losses

•______

18) We Can Save Money and Energy in Existing Buildings (2)

•Heat water more ______

•Use energy-efficient ______

19) Individuals Matter: Ways in Which You Can Save Money Where You Live

•List three ways you can save money where you live

20) Why Are We Still Wasting So Much Energy?

•Energy remains artificially cheap

•Government ______

•Tax breaks

•Prices don’t include true cost

•Few large and long-lasting incentives

•______

21) We Can Use Renewable Energy to Provide Heat and Electricity

•Renewable energy

•______

•Benefits of shifting toward renewable energy

•Renewable energy cheaper if we eliminate

•Inequitable subsidies

•Inaccurate prices

•Artificially low pricing of nonrenewable energy

22) 16-3 Passive and active solar heating systems can heat water and buildings effectively, and the costs of using direct sunlight to produce high-temperature heat and electricity are coming down.

23) What is the difference between passive solar heating and active solar heating?

24) What is one major advantage and one major disadvantage of solar heating?

25) Looking at the US map is our area a good area to collect direct solar energy?

26) We Can Cool Buildings Naturally

•Technologies available

•Open ______when cooler outside

•Use ______

•Superinsulation and ______windows

•______or awnings on windows

•Light-colored ______

•Geothermal pumps

27) We Can Use Sunlight to Produce High-Temperature Heat and Electricity

•Solar thermal systems

•Central receiver system

•Collect sunlight to ______, generate ______

•______of world deserts could supply all the world’s electricity

•Require large amounts of water – could limit

•Wet cooling

•Dry cooling

•Low net energy yields

28) How is the mirror heating the food for the solar cooker in India?

29) We Can Use Sunlight to Produce Electricity (1)

•______(PV) cells (solar cells)

•Convert solar energy to ______

•Design of solar cells

•Sunlight hits cells and releases ______into wires

•Benefits of using solar cells

•Solar-cell power ______around the world

30) We Can Use Sunlight to Produce Electricity (2)

•Key problems

•High cost of ______electricity

•Need to be located in sunny desert areas

•Fossil fuels used in production

•Solar cells contain ______materials

•Will the cost drop with

•Mass production

•New designs

•Government subsidies and tax breaks

31) We Can Use Sunlight to Produce Electricity (3)

•2040: could solar cells produce ______?

•Nanosolar: California (U.S.)

•Germany: huge investment in solar cell technology

•General Electric: entered the solar cell market

32) From the graph approximately how many mega watts of electricity were produced from solar power in 2000?

33) 16-4 We can use water flowing over dams, tidal flows, and ocean waves to generate electricity, but environmental concerns and limited availability of suitable sites may limit the use of these energy resources.

34) We Can Produce Electricity from Falling and Flowing Water

•______

•Uses ______of moving water

•______form of solar energy

•World’s leading renewable energy source used to produce electricity

•Advantages and disadvantages

•Micro-hydropower generators

35) From the slides discussing hydropower – what do you think is the worst problem with hydropower?

36) Tides and Waves Can Be Used to Produce Electricity

•Produce electricity from ______

•______

•So far, power systems are limited

•Disadvantages

•______

•High costs

•Equipment damaged by storms and corrosion

37) 16-5 When we include the environmental costs of using energy resources in the market prices of energy, wind power is the least expensive and least polluting way to produce electricity.

38) Using Wind to Produce Electricity Is an Important Step toward Sustainability (1)

•Wind: ______form of solar energy

•Captured by ______

•Converted into electrical energy

•______fastest-growing source of energy

•What is the global potential for wind energy?

•Wind farms: on land and offshore

39) From the graph how many megawatts were produced from wind power in 2000?

40) From the slide of the wind generator with the men on it – estimate the length of one blade. _____

41) Using Wind to Produce Electricity Is an Important Step toward Sustainability (2)

•Countries with the highest total installed wind power capacity

•______

•Spain

•India

•Denmark

•Installation is increasing in several other countries

42) Using Wind to Produce Electricity Is an Important Step toward Sustainability (3)

•Advantages of wind energy

•Drawbacks

•Windy areas may be sparsely populated – need to develop ______system to transfer electricity

•Winds die down; need ______energy

•Storage of wind energy

•Kills ______birds

•“Not in my backyard”

43) From the trade-offs of wind power, what is the worst disadvantage? Explain

44) Case Study: The Astounding Potential of Wind Power in the United States

•“______”

•North Dakota

•South Dakota

•Kansas

•Texas

•How much electricity is possible with wind farms in those states?

•Could create up to ______jobs

45) From the map of the US – are we in a region that wind power is feasible?

46) 16-6A Solid biomass is a renewable resource for much of the world’s population, but burning it faster than it is replenished produces a net gain in atmospheric greenhouse gases, and creating biomass plantations can degrade soil biodiversity.

16-6B We can use liquid biofuels derived from biomass in place of gasoline and diesel fuels, but creating biofuel plantations can degrade soil and biodiversity and increase food prices and greenhouse gas emissions.

47) We Can Get Energy by Burning Solid Biomass

•Biomass

•______and animal waste we can burn or turn into biofuels

•Production of solid mass fuel

•Plant fast-growing______

•Biomass plantations

•Collect ______and animal manure

•Advantages and disadvantages

48) From the trade-offs of Biomass, what is the best advantage? Explain.

49) We Can Convert Plants and Plant Wastes to Liquid Biofuels (1)

•Liquid biofuels

•______

•Biggest producers of biofuel

•The United States

•Brazil

•The European Union

•China

50) We Can Convert Plants and Plant Wastes to Liquid Biofuels (2)

•Major advantages over gasoline and diesel fuel produced from oil

Biofuel ______can be grown almost anywhere
No net increase in ______if managed properly
Available now

51) We Can Convert Plants and Plant Wastes to Liquid Biofuels (3)

•Studies warn of problems:

•Decrease______

•Increase soil degrading, erosion, and nutrient leaching

•Push farmers off their land

•Raise food prices

•Reduce water supplies, especially for corn and soy

52) Case Study: Is Biodiesel the Answer?

•Biodiesel production from vegetable oil from various sources

•95% produced by the European Union

•Subsidies promote rapid growth in United States

•Advantages and disadvantages

53) From the trade-offs for Biofuel(s), what is the best plant to use?

54) Case Study: Is Ethanol the Answer? (1)

•Ethanol from plants and plant wastes

•Brazil produces ethanol from sugarcane

•Environmental consequences

•United States: ethanol from corn

•Low net energy yield

•Reduce the need for oil imports?

•Harm food supply

•Air pollution and climate change?

55) Case Study: Is Ethanol the Answer? (2)

•Cellulosic ethanol:alternative to corn ethanol

•Switchgrass

•Crop residues

•Municipal wastes

•Advantages and disadvantages

56) What is one disadvantage of ethanol fuels (from the trade-offs slide)?

57) Case Study: Getting Gasoline and Diesel Fuel from Algae and Bacteria (1)

•Algae remove CO2 and convert it to oil

•Not compete for cropland = not affect food prices

•Wastewater/sewage treatment plants

•Could transfer CO2 from power plants

•Algae challenges

Need to lower costs
Open ponds vs. bioreactors
Affordable ways of extracting oil
Scaling to large production

58) Case Study: Getting Gasoline and Diesel Fuel from Algae and Bacteria (2)

•Bacteria: synthetic biology

•Convert sugarcane juice to biodiesel

•Need large regions growing sugarcane

•Producing fuels from algae and bacteria can be done almost anywhere

59) 16-7 Geothermal energy has great potential for supplying many areas with heat and electricity, and it has a generally low environmental impact, but sites where it can be used economically are limited.

60) Getting Energy from the Earth’s Internal Heat (1)

•Geothermal energy: heat stored in

•______

•Fluids in the ______

•Geothermal heat pump system

•Energy ______

•Environmentally clean

•______

61) Getting Energy from the Earth’s Internal Heat (2)

•______

•U.S. is the world’s largest producer

•Hot, dry rock

•Geothermal energy problems

•High cost of tapping hydrothermal reservoirs

•Dry- or wet-steam geothermal reservoirs could be______

•Could create earthquakes

62) What is one major disadvantage of Geothermal Energy – from the trade-off slide?

63) 16-8 Hydrogen fuel holds great promise for powering cars and generating electricity, but for it to be environmentally beneficial, we would have to produce it without the use of fossil fuels.

64) Will Hydrogen Save Us? (1)

•Hydrogen as a fuel

•Eliminate most of the ______

•______

•Some challenges

•Chemically locked in water and organic compounds = net negative energy yield

•Expensive fuel cells are the best way to use hydrogen

•CO2 levels dependent on method of hydrogen production

65) Will Hydrogen Save Us? (2)

•Net negative energy yield

•Production and storage of H2

•Hydrogen-powered vehicles: ______

•Can we produce hydrogen on demand?

•Larger fuel cells – fuel-cell stacks

66) From the trade-off slide of hydrogen fuel – name the best advantage to you.

67) Science Focus: The Quest to Make Hydrogen Workable

•Bacteria and algae can produce hydrogen through biodegrading organic material

•Use electricity from renewable energy sources to produce hydrogen

•Storage options for hydrogen

68) 16-9 We can make the transition to a more sustainable energy future if we greatly improve energy efficiency, use a mix of renewable energy resources, and include environmental costs in the market prices of all energy resources.

69) Choosing Energy Paths (1)

•How will energy policies be created?

•Hard energy path

•Soft energy path

70) Choosing Energy Paths (2)

•General conclusions

•Gradual shift to smaller, decentralized micropower systems

•Transition to a diverse mix of locally available renewable energy resources

•Improved energy efficiency

•Fossil fuels will still be used in large amounts

•Natural gas is the best choice

71) What are the three best solutions for a more sustainable energy future? (See solutions slide)

72) Economics, Politics, Education, and Sustainable Energy Resources

•Government strategies:

•Keep the prices of selected energy resources artificially low to encourage their use

•Keep energy prices artificially high for selected resources to discourage their use

•Consumer education

73) What can you do? (list 2)

74) Three Big Ideas

We should evaluate energy resources on the basis of their potential supplies, how much ______useful energy they provide, and the environmental ______of using them.

Using a mix of renewable energy sources—especially solar, wind, flowing water, sustainable biofuels, and geothermal energy—

______

Making the transition to a more sustainable energy future will require sharply reducing energy

waste, using a mix of environmentally friendly renewable energy resources, and including the harmful environmental costs of energy resources in their ______.