Chapter 1: Separate Case from Base

CHAPTER 1: SEPARATE CASE FROM BASE

1. Every noun can be divided into a base and a case.
2. The base refers to the lexical content.

3. The case supplies additional information about the lexical content.

4. Here are most of the cases we will meet in Latin.

CASES
a, ae, am, ā, ārum, īs, ās
us, ī, ō, um, ōrum, īs, ōs
um, ī, ō, a, ōrum, īs, ōs
is, ī, em, e, ēs, a, um, ium, ibus
us, ūs, uī, um, uum, ū, ibus, ubus
ēs, ēī, em, ē, ērum, ēbus

5. In order to identify a case, match a string at the end of the word to a string on the table.

6. If more than one string has a match, prefer the longer string.

Ex1. Since hortum has a string um which matches um on the table, um is a case.

Ex2. Manuum has a string uum which matches um anduum on the table; since uum is longer than um, we pick uum.

Ex3. Since manibus has strings ibus and us, ibus is accepted as the case, since it is longer.

7. When a case is removed from a noun, what is left over is automatically the base.

Ex1. The base of manibus is man.

Ex2. The base of manuum is man.

Ex3. The base of hortum is hort.

Q1. Can fīlius be divided into f and īlius?

A1. No; īlius is not found on the table.

Q2. Can fīlius be divided into fī and lius?

A2. No; lius is not found on the table.

Q3. Can fīlius be divided into fīl and ius?

A3. No; ius is not found on the table.

Q4. Can fīlius be divided into fīli and us?

A4. Yes; us is found on the table.

Q4. Can fīlius be divided into fīliu and s?

A4. No; s is not found on the table.

Exercise

Divide each of the following words into base and case.

THE PROCEDURAL APPROACH TO LATIN NOUNS

-1-

1. deum

2. rēī

3. diēs

4. rēgī

5. hominis

6. tempore

7. locī

8. patrēs

9. dominō

10. manibus

11. modōs

12. animōrum

13. terrās

14. virīs

15. domuī

16. partis

17. noctēs

18. vītae

19. corpora

20. nominum

21. amōribus

22. morte

23. annum

24. puerī

25. caela

26. fīlius

CHAPTER 2: PREDICT DECLENSION MEMBERSHIP (WITH LEXICAL SCATTER SETS)

1. As in most languages, Latin nouns are assigned to noun-classes.

2. These noun-classes are called DECLENSIONS.

3. Here is a table we can use to tell to which declension nouns belong.

DECLENSIONS / CASES
1st / a, ae, am, ā, ārum, īs, ās
2nd / us, um, ī, ō, um, a, ōrum, īs, ōs
3rd / is, ī, em, e, ēs, a, um, ium, ibus
4th / us, ūs, uī, um, uum, ū, ibus, ubus
5th / ēs, ēī, em, ē, ērum, ēbus

Exercise

Identify the declension to which each lexical scatter set belongs. (A lexical scatter set is a list of all the forms one word can take.)

1. {hortus, hortī, hortō,hortum,hortōrum,hortīs,hortōs}

2. {dōnum,dōnī,dōnō,dōnum,dōnōrum,dōnīs,dōna}

3. {rādīx, rādīcis, rādīcī, rādīcem, rādīce, rādīcēs, rādīcum, rādīcibus}

4. {caput, capitis, capitī, capite, capita, capitum, capitibus}

5. {cōnsul, cōnsulis, cōnsulī, cōnsulem, cōnsule, cōnsulēs, cōnsulum, cōnsulibus}

6. {genus, generis, generī, genere, genera, generum, generibus}

7. {māter, mātrī, mātrem, mātre, mātrēs, mātrum, mātribus}

8. {sinus, sinūs, sinuī, sinum, sinū, sinuum, sinubus}

9. {dux, ducis, ducī, ducem, ducēs, ducum, ducibus}

10. {seriēs, serieī,seriēbus, seriē,seriērum, seriem}

11. {arca,arcae, arcam, arcā, arcīs, arcās}

12. {avus, avī, avō,avum,avōrum,avīs,avōs}

13. {aestās,aestātī,aestātem,aestāte,aestātēs,aestātum,aestātibus}

14. {nepōs, nepōtī, nepōtem, nepōte, nepōtēs, nepōtum, nepōtibus}

15. {cor, cordis, cordī, corde, corda, cordum, cordibus}

CHAPTER 3: PREDICT DECLENSION MEMBERSHIP (UNAMBIGUOUS CASES)

1. Here is the table from Chapter 2.

2. When we have every form of the noun, it is easy to tell declension membership; now we practice predicting membership based on only one form.

Ex. Virōs: the case is ōs. Virōs belongs to the 2nd declension, because the endingōs is found only in the 2nd declension row.

Exercise 1

Using the table above, identify the declension to which each noun belongs. Remember to match the longer string.

1. vītae

2. hominis

3. noctium

4. dominō

5. manubus

6. modōs

7. terrās

8. domuī

9. partis

10. rēī

11. tempore

12. fīliārum

13. diērum

14. cornuum

CHAPTER 4: PREDICT DECLENSION MEMBERSHIP (AMBIGUOUS CASES)

1. Since a,īs,us,um, ī,em,ēs,ibusshow up in more than one declension, they are ambiguous.

2. The ambiguity may be put in tabular form, allowing us to see immediately what possible declensions a noun with an ambiguous case may belong to.

Ex. Rēgum might belong to the 2nd, 3rd or 4th declensions.

CASES / DECLENSIONS
a / 1st, 2nd, 3rd
īs / 1st, 2nd
us / 2nd, 4th
um / 2nd, 3rd, 4th
ī / 2nd, 3rd
em / 3rd, 5th
ēs / 3rd, 5th
ibus / 3rd, 4th, 5th

Exercise

Use the table of ambiguous cases to identify the declensions to which the following nouns may belong.

1. deum

2. noctēs

3. diēs

4. rēgī

5. virīs

6. tempore

7. locī

8. fīlius

9. dominō

10. corpora

11. nominum

12. amōribus

13. morte

14. annum

15. puerī

16. caela

CHAPTER 5: PREDICT THE LF (1)
1. In Chapter 4 we saw that certain cases are ambiguous. In order to resolve these ambiguities, we need to know how to find the lexical form (LF) of a noun.

2. The lexical form (LF) is the form of the noun by which it is found in the lexicon.

Ex1. Goose is the LF of geese.

Ex2. Go is the LF of went.

3. Each declension has a characteristic ending for the LF. We see from the table that the lexical scatter set nauta, nautae, nautam, nautā, nautārum, nautīs, nautās uses nauta as its LF. Similarly, the lexical scatter set hortus, hortī, hortō, hortum, hortōrum, hortīs, hortōs uses hortus as its LF.

Declension / LEXICAL CASE / Oblique cases
1st / a / ae, am, ā, ārum, īs, ās
2nd (us) / us / ī, ō, um, ōrum, īs, ōs
2nd (um) / um / ī, ō, um, a, ōrum, īs
4th / us / ūs, uī, um,uum, ū, ibus
5th / ēs / ēī, em, ē, ēs, ērum, ēbus

Obs. We will study the 3rd declension in a later chapter.

4. The non-LF forms are called theoblique forms.

5. In order to determine the LF of a noun in an oblique form, we follow these steps.

(1) Detach the case (using the table).

(2) Locate all rows in which the case is found in the Oblique cases column and identify the potential declensions.(3) Predict a LF for each row by applying the cases of the potential declensions.

(4) Check the dictionary for each postulated form.

Ex1. What is the LF of rosam?(1) Detach the case (using the table): am

(2) Locate all rows in which the case is found in the Oblique cases column and identify the potential declensions: 1st.(3) Predict a LF for each row by applying the cases of the potential declensions: rosa

(4) Check the dictionary for each postulated form: confirmed.

Exercise 1

The following nouns exhibit cases which are, like rosam, unambiguous. For each noun, follow the three steps in (5) to determine the LF.

1. ariēī

2. arcārum

3. Arcadiae

4. alam

5. adventuum

6. amīcōs

7. aurās

8. arcuī

9. aciērum

Ex2. What is the LF of cibōrum?

(1) Detach the case (using the table): ōrum.

(2) Locate all rows in which the case is found in the Oblique cases column and identify the potential declensions: 2nd (us) and 2nd (um).(3) Predict a LF for each row by applying the cases of the potential declensions: cibus and cibum.

(4) Check the dictionary for each postulated form: cibus wins.

Exercise 2

For each noun, follow the three steps in (5) to determine the LF.

THE PROCEDURAL APPROACH TO LATIN NOUNS

-1-

1. campī

2. auxilia

3. cāsum

4. avō

5. cancrum

6. cantum

7. caudīs

8. catēnīs

9. cēnae

10. caela

Declension / LEXICAL CASE / Oblique cases
1st / a / ae, am, ā, ārum, īs, ās
2nd (us) / us / ī, ō, um, ōrum, īs, ōs
2nd (um) / um / ī, ō, a, ōrum, īs
4th (m/f) / us / ūs, uī, um,uum, ū, ibus
5th / ēs / ēī, em, ē, ērum, ēbus

VOCABULARY

aciēs, -ēī, f., line of battle.

adventus, -ūs [adveniō], m., approach, arrival.

amīcus, -ī, m., friend.

arca, -ae, f., chest, box, ark.

Arcadia,-ae, f., Arcadia.

arcus, -ūs, m., bow.

argentum, -ī, n., silver.

Argus, -ī, m., Argus.

ariēs, -etis, m., ram.

aura, -ae, f., air, breeze.

auris, -is, f., ear.

aurum, -ī, n., gold.

auxilium, -ī, n., help, aid.

avus, -ī, m., grandfather.

caelum, -ī, n., heaven, sky.

calceus, -ī, m., shoe.

campus, -ī, m., plain, field.

cancer, cancrī, m., crab.

cantus, -ūs [canō, sing], m., singing, song.

Cācus, -ī, m., Cacus.

cadāver, -eris, n., dead body, corpse, carcass.

cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrus, fall.

caecus, -a, -um, blind.

caedēs, -is [caedō, cut], f., cutting down, killing, slaughter.

caelum, -ī, n., heaven, sky.

Calais, -is, m., Calais.

calamitās, -tātis, f., misfortune, calamity, disaster.

calceus, -ī, m., shoe.

calor, -ōris [caleō, be hot], m., heat.

campus, -ī, m., plain, field.

cancer, cancrī, m., crab.

canis, -is, m. and f., dog.

cantō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [freq. of canō, sing], sing.

cantus, -ūs [canō, sing], m., singing, song.

caput, capitis, n., head.

carcer, -eris, m., prison.

carmen, -minis [canō, sing], n., song, charm.

carō, carnis, f., flesh.

carpō, -ere, -sī, -tus, pluck.

Castor, -oris, m., Castor.

castra, -ōrum, n. plur., camp.

cāsus, -ūs [cadō], m., fall; chance, accident.

catēna, -ae, f., chain.

cauda, -ae, f., tail.

CHAPTER 6: LF, BASE AND CASE

1. If the lexical scatter set {hortus, hortī, hortō,hortum,hortōrum,hortīs,hortōs} is stripped of its cases, we obtain the base hort.

2. From this we see that in order to produce a lexical scatter set of any noun we need to have a base and all applicable cases.

Exercise 1

Produce a lexical scatter sets using the information provided.

1. Base: mēns

Cases: a, ae, am, ā, ārum, īs, ās

2. Base: equ

Cases: us, um, ī, ō, um, a, ōrum, īs, ōs

3. Base: oppid

Cases: um, ī, ō, a, ōrum, īs

4. Base: cās

Cases: us, ūs, uī, um,uum, ū, ubus

5. Base: seri

Cases: ēs, ēī, em, ē, ērum, ēbus

3. If the lexical scatter set {daps,dapis,dapī,dapem,dape,dapēs,dapum,dapibus} is stripped of its cases, we find that for dapis,dapī,dapem,dape,dapēs,dapum anddapibus there is indeed one base in dap, but that we cannot remove any case specified by the table above from daps.

4. From the point of view of the other declensions, the LF of daps is anomalous.

5. 3rd declension nouns generally exhibit anomalous LFs.

6. The result is that in order to produce a lexical scatter set for a 3rd declension noun, we need to have three pieces of information: the anomalousLF, the oblique base and the cases for the oblique base.

Exercise 2

Which of the following lexical scatter sets may be produced if we know only the base and case? Which require the identification of an anomalous LF?

1. {animus,animī,animō,animum,animōrum,animīs,animōs}

2. {mōnstrum,mōnstrī,mōnstrō, mōnstrum, mōnstrōrum, mōnstrīs, mōnstra}

3. {rādīx, rādīcis, rādīcī, rādīcem, rādīce, rādīcēs, rādīcum, rādīcibus}

4. {caput, capitis, capitī, caput, capite, capita, capitum, capitibus}

5. {cōnsul, cōnsulis, cōnsulī, cōnsulem, cōnsule, cōnsulēs, cōnsulum, cōnsulibus}

6. {genus, generis, generī, genere, genera, generum, generibus}

7. {māter, mātrī, mātrem, mātre, mātrēs, mātrum, mātribus}

8. {sinus, sinūs, sinuī, sinum, sinū, sinuum, sinubus}

9. {dux, ducis, ducī, ducem, ducēs, ducum, ducibus}

10. {seriēs, serieī,seriēbus,seriē,seriērum, seriem}

11. {arca,arcae, arcam, arcā, arcīs, arcās}

12. {avus, avī, avō,avum,avōrum,avīs,avōs}

13. {tempestās, tempestātī, tempestātem, tempestāte, tempestātēs, tempestātum, tempestātibus}

14. {nepōs, nepōtī, nepōtem, nepōte, nepōtēs, nepōtum, nepōtibus}

15. {cor, cordis, cordī, corde, corda, cordum, cordibus}

7. 3rd declension LFs end in a, c, e, ī, l, n, ō, r, s, t, x, y. (Mnemonic: Lōan Styx rice.) The usefulness of this list is undercut by the fact that three of the endings (e, ī, ō) are oblique cases in the 2nd, 3rd and 4thdeclensions.

CHAPTER 7: PREDICT THE LF (2)

1. From Chapter 4 we see that the lexical scatter sets of nouns in the 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th declensions may be formed if we know base and case; however, 3rd declension nouns can be formed only if we know the anomalousLF as well.

3. This means thatit is harder to obtain the LF of a 3rd declension noun than the LF of a noun of any other class.

4. However, there is a simple method for obtaining the LF of most 3rd declension nouns.

5. Let us agree to call the last letter of any noun before the case the stem-characteristic.

Ex. What is the stem-characteristic of laudem?

We separate the case from the base (laud-em). The last letter before the case is d. Therefore, the stem-characteristic of laudem is d.

Exercise 1

Identify the stem-characteristic.

1. itinera

2. cīvitātibus

3. pācem

4. profectiōnem

5. lēgātionēs

6. iūre

7. leōnī

8. tempore

9. plēbī

10. auctōritātum

6. In order to reduce an oblique form to its LF, we follow these steps:

(1) Drop the case (only is, ī, em, e, ēs, a, um, ium, ibus).

(2) Match thestem-characteristic in the oblique column. Some stem-characteristics are ambiguous and require the letter before the stem-characteristic in order to be matched.

(3) Change the stem-characteristic to the indicated letters.

(4) Check the dictionary for the LF.

7. If the ending of the noun is not represented in the list in (1), check the dictionary to see if that noun is already the LF.

Ex1. Litus.

The us of lītus is not among is, ī, em, e, ēs, um, ium,ibus, īs, sowe look in the dictionary and find that lītus is indeed a LF.

Ex2. Urbem.

The stem-characteristic is b, which becomes -bs, so urbs is the LF.

Ex3. Corpora.

Drop a. It appears from the table that corpor can match either -or or -r. We first try the longer match, which means that the LF is either corpus or corpur. The dictionary contains only corpus.

Ex4. Itineribus.

When we drop ibus, we have itiner. The ending er should become us, so we get itinus. Unfortunately, that is not in the dictionary, because the LF is iter. Iter is an irregular noun. Similarly, we find hiems (oblique base hiem) and caput (oblique capit) are also unpredictable.

Ex5. Noctis.

We drop is to get noct, the ct of which becomes x. The LF is therefore nox, which is in the dictionary.

OBLIQUE/LF TAIL TABLE

STEM-CHARACTERISTICLF TAIL

-b--bs

-br--ber

-c--x

-ic--ex

-ct--x

-d--s

-ēn--ēn

-er--us

-g--x

-id--es

-in--en

-in--is

-in--ō

-ip--eps

-it--es

-l--l

-ōn--ō

-ŏr--ur

-ŏr--us

-ōr--ŏr

-p--ps

-p--pis

-r--r

-r--s

-rd--r

-t--s

-tr--ter

NB. This table is not exhaustive. However, it will suffice for the majority of Latin nouns in at least elementary texts.

THE PROCEDURAL APPROACH TO LATIN NOUNS

-1-

Exercise

Reduce to LF by following the four steps:

(1) Drop the case (only is, ī, em, e, ēs, a, um, ium, ibus).

(2) Match thestem-characteristic in the oblique column. Some stem-characteristics are ambiguous and require the letter before the stem-characteristic in order to be matched.

(3) Change the stem-characteristic to the indicated letters.

(4) Check the dictionary for the LF.

Ex. pācem

(1) pācem – em = pāc

(2) The stem-characteristic is -c-.

(3) Pāc becomes pāx.

(4) The dictionary recognizes pāx.

1. certāminum

2. carō

3. carcerī

4. colōrum

5. calōribus

6. Colchide

7. comitēs

8. clamōris

9. calamitātem

10. cīvitātī

11. cadāver

12. Charontem

13. celeritātēs

14. carmina

Vocabulary

cadāver, -eris, n., dead body, corpse, carcass.

calamitās, -tātis, f., misfortune, calamity, disaster.

calor, -ōris, m., heat.

carcer, -eris, m., prison.

carmen, -minis, n., song, charm.

carō, carnis, f., flesh.

celeritās, -tātis, f., swiftness, quickness, speed.

certāmen, -minis, n., struggle, contest.

Charōn, -ontis, m., Charon.

cīvitās, -tātis, f., state.

clamor, -ōris, m., shout, cry.

Colchis, -idis, f., Colchis.

color, -ōris, m., color.

comes, -itis, m. and f., companion.

CHAPTER 8: THE SECOND PRINCIPAL PART

1. The lexical form (LF) is traditionally called the 1stprincipal part.

2. The form following the LF in the dictionary is called the 2ndprincipal part.

3. The second principal part is used in Latin to group nouns; these groups are called declensions.

4. The ending of the second principal part will typically be one of five: ae, ī, is, ūs or ēī. In the table below we see that each corresponds to one of the five declensions.

2ND PRINCIPAL PART / DECLENSION
ae / 1st
ī / 2nd
is / 3rd
ūs / 4th
ēī / 5th

Exercise 1

To which declension does each noun belong?

1. Absyrtus, Absyrtī, m., Absyrtus

2. Acastus, Acastī, m., Acastus

3. aciēs, aciēī, f., line of battle

4. Acrisius, Acrisiī, m., Acrisius.

5. Admēta, Admētae, f., Admeta

6. adulēscēns, adulēscentis, m., young man

7. adulēscentia, adulēscentiae, f., youth

8. adventus, adventūs, m., approach, arrival

9. Aeacus, Aeacī, m., Aeacus

10. aedis, aedis, f., sing. temple, plur. house

11. Aeētēs, Aeētae, m., Aeetes

12. Aegyptiī, Aegyptiōrum, m. pl., Egyptians

13. Aeolia, Aeoliae, f., Aeolia

14. Aeolus, Aeolī, m., Aeolus

5. The 1st principal part is translated by its definition. E.g., oppidum is translated as “town.”

6. The 2nd principal part is translated by putting “of” in front of the the definition. E.g., the meaning of oppidī is “of town.”

Exercise 2

Translate the first two principal parts of the lexical entries in Exercise 1.

CHAPTER 9: THE THIRD PRINCIPAL PART

1. The third principal part is the gender of the noun.

2. The choices are typically as follows: m. (masculine), f. (feminine), n. (neuter) and c. (common, i.e., masculine or feminine).

3. The common gender may be rendered in the dictionary as mf.

Exercise

Identify the gender of each noun.

1. Absyrtus, Absyrtī, m., Absyrtus

2. Acastus, Acastī, m., Acastus

3. aciēs, aciēī, f., line of battle

4. Acrisius, Acrisiī, m., Acrisius.

5. Admēta, Admētae, f., Admeta

6. adulēscēns, adulēscentis, m., young man

7. adulēscentia, adulēscentiae, f., youth

8. adventus, adventūs, m., approach, arrival

9. Aeacus, Aeacī, m., Aeacus

10. aedis, aedis, f., sing. temple, plur. house

CHAPTER 10: THE STRUCTURE OF THE LEXICAL ENTRY

1. The information about a word in the dictionary is called the lexical entry.

2. The lexical entry of a Latin noun has a minimum of four items: the 1st principal part, the 2nd principal part, the 3rd principal part and a definition.

NB. Lexicographers typically highlight the “root” meaning of the word. The unintended consequence of this habit is that the commonest definitions are frequently found at the end of the entry and the rarest definitions are first.

3. The following table may help.

LEXICAL ENTRIES
FIRST ITEM / SECOND ITEM / THIRD ITEM / FOURTH ITEM
1st principal part / 2nd principal part / 3rd principal part / definition
LEXICAL FORM
umbra / umbrae / f. / shade
umerus / umerī / m. / shoulder
unguentum / unguentī / n. / ointment
uxor / uxōris / f. / wife
vellus / velleris / n. / fleece
ūsus / ūsūs / m. / use
rēs / rēī / f. / thing

Exercise 1

Use the vocabulary below to answer the following questions.

Ex. What is the lexical entry of wife?

Uxor, uxōris, f., wife

1. What is the lexical entry of valley?

2. What is the lexical entry of fleece?

3. What is the lexical entry of hunting?

4. What is the lexical entry of poison?

5. What is the lexical entry of belly?

Vocabulary

uxor, uxōris, f., wife

vallis, -is, f., valley.

vellus, velleris, n., fleece.

vēnātiō, -ōnis, f., hunting.

venēnum, -ī, n., poison.

venter, ventris, m., belly.

Exercise 2

Identify the LF of each of the following entries.

1. ventus, -ī, m., wind.

2. verbum, -ī, n., word.

3. vesper, vesperī, m., evening.

4. vestīgium, -ī, n., track, foot-print.

5. vestis, -is, f., clothing, dress, robe.

6. vestītus, -ūs, m., clothing.

7. via, -ae, f., road, way.

Exercise 3

Identify the 2nd principal part.

1. ventus, -ī, m., wind.

2. verbum, -ī, n., word.

3. vesper, vesperī, m., evening.

4. vestīgium, -ī, n., track, foot-print.

5. vestis, -is, f., clothing, dress, robe.

6. vestītus, -ūs, m., clothing.

7. via, -ae, f., road, way.

Exercise 4

To which declension does each noun belong (based on the 2nd principal part)? Use the table in the preceding chapter.

1. ventus, -ī, m., wind.

2. verbum, -ī, n., word.

3. vesper, vesperī, m., evening.

4. vestīgium, -ī, n., track, foot-print.

5. vestis, -is, f., clothing, dress, robe.

6. vestītus, -ūs, m., clothing.

7. via, -ae, f., road, way.

Exercise 5

Identify the 3rd principal part of

1. ventus, -ī, m., wind.

2. verbum, -ī, n., word.

3. vesper, vesperī, m., evening.

4. vestīgium, -ī, n., track, foot-print.

5. vestis, -is, f., clothing, dress, robe.

6. vestītus, -ūs, m., clothing.

7. via, -ae, f., road, way.

CHAPTER 11: parse

1. When we know what declension a noun belongs to and what its LF is, we are ready to parse it.

2. To parse a noun is to identify its case, number and gender.

3. There are five cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and ablative.

4. We use cases to tell what is happening in the sentence.

a. The noun in the nominative case tends to indicate the entity which is being discussed or is doing the action.

b. The noun in the genitive tends to indicate the entity that owns something.

c. The noun in the dative tends to indicate the entity for whom something is done or to whom something is given.

d. The noun in the accusative tends to indicate the entity which undergoes change in place or state.

e. The ablative tends to indicate relations not covered by the nominative, genitive, dative or accusative. (Among many, many other relations: that from which something is separated, that entity with which something is done, that place in which something is done and that entity by which something is done.)

4. There are two numbers: singular and plural.

5. We follow three steps to parse a noun.

(1) Reduce to its LF (cf. Chapters 5 & 7).

(2) Find the case in the indicated declension column.

(3) Read off the parse under caseand no.

(4) Use the dictionary to find the gender (Chapter 9).

Ex1. Parse rēgī.

(1) Reduce rēgī its LF: rex.

(2) Find the case in the indicated declension column: -ī is located in the third row of the 3rd(c-stem)declension column.

(3) Read off the parse under caseand no.: dat. sg.

(4) Use the dictionary to find the gender (Chapter 9): m.

Therefore, rēgī is dat. sg. m.

Ex2. Parse oppidum.

(1) Reduce oppidum its LF: oppidum.

(2) Find the case in the indicated declension column: -um is located in the first and fourth rows of the 2nd (n.)declension column.

(3) Read off the parse under case and no.: nom. sg. and acc. sg.

(4) Use the dictionary to find the gender (Chapter 9): n.

Therefore, oppidum is nom./acc. sg. n. Without context, we cannot tell whether oppidum is nom. or acc.

Ex2. Parse vestītūs.

(1) Reduce vestītūs its LF: vestītus.

(2) Find the case in the indicated declension column: -ūs is located in the second, seventh and ninth rows of the 4thdeclension column.

(3) Read off the parse under case and no.: gen. sg., nom. pl. and acc. pl.

(4) Use the dictionary to find the gender (Chapter 9): m.

Therefore, vestītūs is gen. sg. m., nom. pl. m. and acc. pl. m. Without context, we cannot tell which of the three it is.

DECLENSION / PARSE
1st / 2nd (m.) / 2nd (n.) / 3rd(c-stem) / 3rd (n.) / 4th / 5th / case / no. / GENDER
a / us / um / ? / ? / us / ēs / nom. / sg. / S
E
E
T
H
E
3RD
P-
P
A
R
T
ae / ī / ī / is / is / ūs / ēī / gen. / sg.
ae / ō / ō / ī / ī / uī / ēī / dat. / sg.
am / um / um / em / ? / um / em / acc. / sg.
ā / ō / ō / e, ī / e / ū / ē / abl. / sg.
a / e / um / ? / ? / us / ēs / voc. / sg.
ae / ī / a / ēs / a / ūs / ēs / nom. / pl.
ārum / ōrum / ōrum / um / um / uum / ērum / gen. / pl.
īs / īs / īs / ibus / ibus / ubus / ēbus / dat. / pl.
ās / ōs / a / ēs, īs / a / ūs / ēs / acc. / pl.
īs / īs / īs / ibus / ibus / ubus / ēbus / abl. / pl.

Exercise.