Chapter 1 Note taking guide
History of Forensic Science
Why do we look to science for assistance in our legal system?
• Increasing ______
• New or Changed ______
• New ______
• New ______(*see next slide)
• Response to ______.
• Response to ______.
New Weapons
______, ______, ______, ______.
Applying Science to Law
· Applying science to the Criminal Justice System depends on a scientist’s ______to supply ______& ______information that reflects the events that have occurred at a crime.
Forensic Science defined:
· ______(or ______) ______
· It is vague & hard to define b/c it includes so many other areas of science.
Civil vs. Criminal Law
CIVIL LAW
· filed by a ______party.
o a ______
o an ______person
· Penalty: a guilty defendant ______the plaintiff for ______caused by their ______.
o no ______
CRIMINAL LAW
· filed by the ______
· Penalty: a ______defendant is punished by
o ______(in jail/prison)
o ______paid to the ______
o ______(death penalty)
· Crimes are divided into 2 classes:
o ______ - less than 1 year incarceration
o ______ - sentence of 1+ year
· “Forensic” comes from the Latin word “______” meaning forum.
· During the time of the ______, a ______charge meant presenting the case before the ______.
· Both the person ______of the crime & the ______would give ______based on their side of the story.
· The individual with the best ______would determine the outcome of the case.
· Sir Arthur Conan Doyle- Sci-fi author in late 1800’s
o ______
· Mathieu Orfila (1787-1853) –
o “Father of ______”
o Wrote about the detection of ______& their effects on animals.
· Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914)
o Father of ______”
o Developed a ______to distinguish one ______from another based on certain ______.
· Anthropometry
· Francis Galton (1822-1911)
§ “Father of ______”
§ Developed ______as a way to uniquely identify ______---.
· Leone Lattes (1887-1954)
§ “Father of ______”
§ He developed a procedure for determining the ______(A, B, AB, or O) of a ______.
· Calvin Goddard (1891-1955)
§ “Father of ______”
§ Developed the technique to examine ______, using a comparison microscope, to determine whether or not a ______
· Albert Osborn (1858-1946)
§ Father of ______”
§ His work led to the acceptance of documents as ______by the ______.
· Walter McCrone (1916-2002)
§ “Father of ______”
§ He developed & applied his ______to examine evidence in countless court cases.
· Hans Gross (1847-1915)
§ “Father of ______”
§ Wrote the book on applying all the ______to the field of criminal investigation.
· Edmond Locard (1877-1966)
§ “Father of the ______
§ In 1910, he started the ______crime lab in an attic of a police station.
§ With few tools, he quickly became known world-wide to forensic scientists & criminal investigators & eventually founded the ______ in France.
§ His most important contribution was the “______”
· Locard’s Exchange Principle
§ “______.”
§ He believed that every criminal can be connected to a crime by ______carried from the crime scene.
§ When a criminal comes in contact with an ______or ______, a ______-______of evidence occurs.
· J. Edgar Hoover
§ “______” - Director of Federal Bureau of Investigation during the 1930’s
§ Hoover's leadership spanned ______yrs & _____ presidential administrations. His reign covered ______, the Great ______, ______, the ______War, the ______War, & the ______War.
§ He organized a ______laboratory to offer forensic services to ______law enforcement agencies in the U.S.
§ VERY ______
§ He ______& ______his authority with unjustified investigations & ______based on ______beliefs rather than ______criminal activity
§ FBI directors are now limited to ______
· Applications of Forensic Science
§ ______of ______or ______
§ Solving ______
§ ______crimes (______or ______convicted)
§ ______, ______, ______of ______-
§ ______cases
§ ______crimes
§ ______Crimes (Enron)
§ ______Analysis
§ Application of ______as evidence
§ ______vs. ______-
§ ______& ______
§ ______- remains of victims (either civilian or soldiers)
§ ex. Holocaust or Katrina
§ Military & International Forensics
§ ______
§ The search for WMD’s
§ stockpiled or stored weapons from past wars
· The Trial of the Century
§ ______- was a NFL football legend.
§ He is now famous for having been tried for the ______- of ex-wife ______- & her friend ______in 1994.
§ He was ______- in criminal court after a lengthy, highly publicized trial.
· What went wrong?
§ 1st on the scene, police found evidence of ______& entered the Simpson home ______a ______, an action permissible b/c the situation was an ______.
§ HOWEVER, the police ______a pair of ______-______gloves during their search.
§ ______of ______without ______became the key argument used by Simpson’s legal team & ultimately led to his acquital.
· What was learned?
§ If forensic evidence is to be ______in court, the highest professional ______- must be used at the crime scene!
§ He was found ______for their deaths in ______court, but has yet to pay the ______judgment.
· THE BODY FARM
§ PRIMARY GOAL: To understand the ______& ______- of ______, primarily to improve determining the "______" in murder cases.
§ The Body Farm is a ______of various crime scenes using real ______bodies.
§ Started in 1970-80’s to study Forensic ______(the study of ______- after ______-).
§ Used by Law Enforcement, Medical Examiners, Entomologists, Cadaver Dogs, Anthropologists & FBI for Crime Scene ______-.
§ The BF uses unclaimed ______& ______(who donate their body to science after death)
§ Only ______Facilities in the U.S.
§ ______- (original)
§ ______-
§ Texas State University - local residents opposed it
· Types of Research
§ How does the ______- rate compare in:
§ ______vs ______-?
§ In ______weather vs ______weather?
§ In a ______grave vs on the ground?
§ In ______?
§ Inside a ______?
§ What effect do other variables have—______, ______activity, ______, ______weight, and so on?
· Why is TSD so important?
§ 1st question at most murder scenes: "______?“
§ It's crucial to know ______the crime was committed.
§ it can help narrow the search for a suspect or
§ it can help ______- who had alibis at the time the victim was killed.