Biology Semester 1 MidtermExam

Study Guide2015-2016

Chapter 1Biology in the 21st Century

1. What is biology the study of?

2. What are the 4 characteristics of life?

3. How are structure and function related in biology?

4. What is homeostasis? Give an example of how you maintain homeostasis.

5. List and explain the general steps of the scientific method.

6. What are independent and dependent variables? (Explain)

7. What are constants and controls?

8.Sugar dissolves in, or mixes completely with, water. The solubility of a substance in water isdetermined by measuring the maximum amount of the substance that dissolves in a given amount of water at a given temperature. HYPOTHESIS: The solubility of sugar in water increases as the temperature of the water decreases. Identify the independent and dependent variables.

9.An electromagnet can be made by wrapping insulated wire around an iron nail and connecting the ends of the wire to a 6-volt battery. HYPOTHESIS: Increasing the number of coils of wire wrapped around the nail increases the strength of the electromagnet, as measured by the number of paper clips the magnet can pick up. Identify the independent and dependent variables.

Chapter 2Chemistry of Life

  1. What is the difference between a covalent bond and an ionic bond?
  2. What are the 4 properties of water?
  3. Is water polar or non-polar, and why is this important?
  4. What is adhesion? (give an example)
  5. What is cohesion? (give an example)
  6. Why is the fact that water has a high specific heat important?
  7. What is a monomer? What is a polymer?
  8. Fill in the chart below:

Polymer / Monomer / Function
What the body uses it for? / Foods
What types of foods do you eat to get it?
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Protein
Nucleic acids
  1. 2HO2 → H2 + O2 Explain why this is a chemical reaction; label the reactants and the products of this reaction.
  1. What is a catalyst? (give an example)
  1. What is an enzyme? (give an example)
  2. Use the diagram above to explain how an enzyme works.

1

Chapter 3Cells and Organelles

  1. Cell Theory – list the 3 parts of the cell theory
  2. Two types of Cells – describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
  1. Organelles :
  2. What are they?
  3. Describe the functions of the following organelles and be able to pick them out of a diagram:
  4. Nucleus
  5. Mitochondria
  6. Lysosomes
  7. Chloroplast
  8. Ribosomes
  9. Vesicles
  10. Golgi Apparatus
  11. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
  12. Cell membrane
  13. Cell wall

Phospholipid Bilayer

  1. What is it made of (which parts are polar and which are non-polar)?
  2. What is selective permeability?

Passive Transport – what is it?

27. Diffusion –

  • What is it?
  • What is a concentration gradient?
  1. Osmosis –
  2. What is it?
  3. In what direction does the water move in the following solutions:
  4. hypotonic
  5. isotonic
  6. hypertonic
  7. Facilitated Diffusion –
  8. What is it?
  9. How does it work?

Active Transport – what is it?

30. Endocytosis –

  • What is it?
  • Phagocytosis

31. Exocytosis –

  • What is it?
  • How does it work?

Chapter 4Cells and Energy

32. What is ATP?

  1. What is the difference between the energy stored in food and the energy in ATP?
  2. What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
  3. Where does cellular respiration occur?
  4. What is aerobic respiration? (include the advantages and disadvantages)
  5. What is anaerobic respiration? (include the advantages and disadvantages)

Match the following processes with the statements below:

a. Glycolysis b. Kreb’s cycle
c. Fermentation d. Electron Transport chain
  1. Which process(es) are aerobic?
  2. Which process(es) are anaerobic?
  3. Which process(es) starts with sugar and ends with pyruvate?
  4. Which process(es) allows glycolysis to continue if oxygen is not readily available?
  5. Which process(es) produces the most ATP?
  6. Which process(es) has the products of:

2 ATP, 6 CO2, 8 NADH, and 2 FADH?

  1. Which process produces Lactic Acid?
  2. Which process is the first step of cellular respiration?
  3. What are the products of glycolysis?
  4. How many ATPs can be produced by the electron transport chain?

1

PHOTOSYNTHESIS: An Overview

Write the appropriate letter choice on the line provided.

48. Plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing MOLECULES called ______.

A. thylakoidsB. pigments

C. chloroplastsD. glucose

49. The Calvin cycle is another name for ______

A. photosynthesis

B. the electron transport chain

C. light-dependent reactions

D. light-independent reactions

50. How is the Calvin cycle different from the light-dependent reactions?

A. It takes place in chloroplasts.

B. It takes place in the stroma.

C. It requires light.

D. It takes place in the thylakoid membrane

51. Oxygen produced during the light-dependent reaction is ______.

A. used in the Calvin cycle to make sugar

B. joined with the NADPH to make water

C. is released into the atmosphere

D. None of these, oxygen is NOT produced by the light-dependent reaction

USE THE LETTERS IN THE DIAGRAM AT THE LEFT TO IDENTIFY:

52. ______stroma

53. ______thylakoid

54. ______granum

55. Use words from the word bank to fill in the chart comparing and contrasting the light-dependent and the light-independent (Calvin Cycle). You can use terms more than once.

in stroma O2 CO2

in thylakoid membrane ATP H2O

Requires light Doesn’t require light SUGARS (glucose)

LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS / CALVIN CYCLE
LOCATION
REACTANTS
PRODUCTS
LIGHT?

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Write the appropriate letter choice on the line provided.

56. ______is the first step in cellular respiration that begins releasing energy stored in glucose.

A. Alcoholic fermentationB. Lactic acid fermentation

C. GlycolysisD. Electron transport chain

57. If oxygen is NOT present, glycolysis is followed by ______

A. Krebs cycleB. fermentation

58. Name the 3 carbon molecule produced when glucose is broken in half during glycolysis.

A. pyruvic acidB. lactic acid

C. Acetyl-CoAD. citric acid

59. Since fermentation does not require oxygen it is said to be ______.

A. aerobicB. anaerobic

60. Which of the following shows the correct sequence during cellular respiration?

A. Electron transport chain → glycolysis → Krebs cycle

B. Glycolysis → Electron transport chain → Krebs cycle

C. Krebs cycle → Electron transport chain → glycolysis

D. Glycolysis → Krebs cycle → Electron transport chain

61. Because cellular respiration requires oxygen it is said to be ______

A. aerobicB. anaerobic

62. How many total ATP molecules are produced by 1 molecule of glucose completing cellular respiration?

262436

63. Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?

A. glycolysisB. Krebs cycle

C. Electron transportD. Acetyl-CoA charging

Write the complete overall chemical equation for cellular respiration using chemical symbols instead of words:

64.______+ ______→ ______+______+______

Tell the kind of fermentation used in each example (alcoholic or lactic acid):

65. Yeast uses this to make bread dough rise ______

66. Your muscle cells use this during rapid exercise when oxygen is low ______

67. Bacteria and yeast use this to make beer and wine ______

68. Bacteria use this to make cheese, yogurt, and sour cream ______

Chapter 5 Cell Growth and Division

Cell Cycle

  1. Name and describe what occurs during each step of the cell cycle.
  1. What types of checks occur during the G1 and G2 stages before the cell can move on?

Mitosis

  1. What is the purpose of mitosis?
  1. What do you end up with at the end of mitosis?
  1. What is the difference between a chromosome and a chromatin?
  1. Draw and label the parts of a chromosome below: chromosome, sister chromatid, centromere?
  1. What occurs during Interphase? (draw and write an explanation to the right of the figure)
  1. What occurs during Prophase? (draw and write an explanation to the right of the figure)
  1. What occurs during Metaphase? (draw and write an explanation to the right of the figure)
  1. What occurs during Anaphase? (draw and write an explanation to the right of the figure)
  1. What occurs during Telophase? (draw and write an explanation to the right of the figure)
  1. What occurs during Cytokinesis? (draw and write an explanation to the right of the figure)

1

Cancer

  1. What is cancer?
  1. What is the difference between Benign and Malignant tumors?
  1. Why are Malignant tumors so dangerous?

1

1

Chapter 6 Meiosis and Mendel

1

Meiosis

  1. How are somatic cells different from gametes?
  1. How do haploid cells differ from diploid cells?

86. How do autosomes differ from sex chromosomes?

87. What genetic material does an organism receive from their mother?

88. What genetic material does an organism receive from their father?

89. What occurs during fertilization?

90. Draw homologous chromosomes.

91. Illustrate crossing over. Tell when it occurs in Meiosis.

92. What is the purpose of meiosis?

93. What are the stages of meiosis?

94. Process of Meiosis

  • Cells go through (1 round/ 2 rounds) of division to produce genetically different (haploid/ diploid) cells.
  • How do homologous chromosomes differ from sex chromosomes?
  • When do homologous chromosomes separate? ______
  • When do sister chromatids separate? ______

95. Gametogenesis

  • What does the sperm contribute to the embryo? ______
  • What does the egg contribute to the embryo? ______

1

1