Chapter 021 Muscular Analysis of the Trunk and Lower-Extremity Exercises

True / False Questions

1.The body's system of levers and muscles works synergistically to produce smooth, powerful movement.
TrueFalse

2.A concentric contraction is a lengthening contraction of the muscles against gravity or resistance.
TrueFalse

3.Traditional kinesiology is the study of the science of muscle movement, which involves biomechanics, prescribed exercise, and anatomy.
TrueFalse

4.Stretching the rectus abdominis and obliques, or the core of the body, has many benefits.
TrueFalse

5.The reverse trunk flexion exercise strengthens the obliques.
TrueFalse

6.Flexing the legs during a crunch helps better isolate the low-back musculature; moreover, less pressure is applied to the lumbar disks from the hamstrings.
TrueFalse

7.The importance of hamstring flexibility in sports and daily movement cannot be overstated.
TrueFalse

8.In recent years, an increasing number of medical and allied health professionals have stopped emphasizing the development of muscle groups through resistance-training and circuit-training activities.
TrueFalse

9.As the body ages, muscle mass decreases, a condition called sarcopenia.
TrueFalse

10.The law of acceleration is as follows: A change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it.
TrueFalse

Multiple Choice Questions

11.Hyperextension of the spine should be performed on a daily basis to help "open" the anterior
A.core of the body.
B.part of the spine.
C.diaphragm.
D.plural cavity.

12.This exercise should never be performed with extended legs.
A.Lumbar extension
B.Leg flexion
C.Leg lifts
D.Sit ups

13.This exercise targets many of the hip and knee muscles.
A.Knee extension
B.Physio-Ball Wall Squats
C.Calf raises
D.Leg adduction

14.The type of contraction of a muscle is determined by whether the muscle is ______during the movement.
A.relaxed or contracted
B.lengthening or shortening
C.controlled or stabilized
D.relaxed or static

15.The quadriceps muscle group contracts how when the body slowly lowers in a weight-bearing movement through lower-extremity action?
A.Eccentrically
B.Concentrically
C.Isometrically
D.Isotonically

16.The body's system of levers and muscles works ______to produce smooth, powerful movement.
A.apart
B.synergistically
C.kinetically
D.concentrically

17.Low back pain can be helped by strengthening the
A.erector spinae.
B.quadratus lumborum.
C.abdominals.
D.core.

18.While regular crunches (sit-ups) work the rectus abdominus, this reverse crunch is a way to isolate more fibers of
A.external oblique.
B.transverse abdominus.
C.rectus abdominus.
D.psoas.

19.What acts on joints and muscles that cause contractions to occur?
A.Dynamic force
B.Gravity
C.Vector force
D.Contracting force

20.Increasing muscle mass helps what condition?
A.Sarcopenia
B.Bursitis
C.Carpal tunnel
D.D.Obesity

Fill in the Blank Questions

21.The body's system of ______works synergistically to produce smooth, powerful movement.
______

22.The ______is a powerful thigh muscle that has a direct relationship to the knee and patella.
______

23.As the body ages, muscle mass decreases, a condition called ______.
______

24.Dysfunctional gait directly affects ______.
______

25.______that condition areas and isolate the muscle groups can help individuals maintain natural movement, abate injury, and enjoy a better quality of life.
______

26.Generally, ______consist of 10 repetitions and 2 to 3 sets.
______

27.A contraindication of lumbar extension is ______.
______

28.Physio ball squats strengthen mainly the ______muscles.
______

29.The trunk stabilization exercise is ideal for ______shoulder and hip areas.
______

30.Straight-leg hip hyperextension strengthens the often weak ______hamstring.
______

31.Stretching the rectus femorus helps lengthen the belly of the muscle and can help correct ______disease.
______

32.The ______contraction of a muscle helps muscle hypertrophy.
______

33.An imbalance between the posterior spine and ______muscles could lead to injury.
______

34.The ______functions as a decelerator to knee joint flexion in weight-bearing movements by contracting eccentrically to prevent too rapid downward movement.
______

35.Despite common myths, ______does not ensure sufficient development of muscle groups.
______

36.Therapists should stay within their scope of practice when recommending ______.
______

37.When performing therapeutic exercises, it is important to ______during the work phase.
______

38.When lifting a weight, for the most benefit the movement should always be ______.
______

39.The abdominal muscles can become ______from overuse as postural muscles.
______

40.In the straight leg hamstring stretch, the ______do the lifting work, not the rope.
______

41.The Active Isolated Stretching method recommends a(n) ______second stretch hold.
______

42.Because it also contributes to hip flexion, the ______can help skew the pelvis and make gait dysfunctional.
______

43.During the rectus femorus stretch, contracting the abdominals throughout this movement prevents ______.
______

44.For some individuals with arthritis or other issues, the stretch and strengthening movements should be ______for comfort.
______

45.Someone with herniated disks can utilize the ______muscles to help protect the spine.
______

46.For the straight leg hip hyperextension exercise, one can use ______to help challenge the muscles.
______

47.Because these muscles are in close proximity to this nerve, stretching the hamstring group can help ______issues.
______

48.A solid treatment always includes treating both ______groups.
______

49.A specific point to stretching and strengthening exercises is that ______be employed to the joints during the movements.
______

50.As the quadriceps contracts, the ______allow the movement by lengthening.
______

21-1

Chapter 021 Muscular Analysis of the Trunk and Lower-Extremity Exercises Key

True / False Questions

1.The body's system of levers and muscles works synergistically to produce smooth, powerful movement.
TRUE

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-1

2.A concentric contraction is a lengthening contraction of the muscles against gravity or resistance.
FALSE

A concentric contraction is a shortening contraction of the muscles against gravity or resistance.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-1

3.Traditional kinesiology is the study of the science of muscle movement, which involves biomechanics, prescribed exercise, and anatomy.
TRUE

Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-1

4.Stretching the rectus abdominis and obliques, or the core of the body, has many benefits.
TRUE

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-1

5.The reverse trunk flexion exercise strengthens the obliques.
FALSE

This exercise strengthens the lower abdominals.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3

6.Flexing the legs during a crunch helps better isolate the low-back musculature; moreover, less pressure is applied to the lumbar disks from the hamstrings.
TRUE

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-6

7.The importance of hamstring flexibility in sports and daily movement cannot be overstated.
TRUE

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-7

Athletes and non-athletes, both male and female, require overall muscular development.

Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-7

9.As the body ages, muscle mass decreases, a condition called sarcopenia.
TRUE

Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-1

10.The law of acceleration is as follows: A change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it.
TRUE

Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-1
Learning Outcome: 21-4

Multiple Choice Questions

11.Hyperextension of the spine should be performed on a daily basis to help "open" the anterior
A.core of the body.
B.part of the spine.
C.diaphragm.
D.plural cavity.

This movement also stretches the rectus abdominus.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3

12.This exercise should never be performed with extended legs.
A.Lumbar extension
B.Leg flexion
C.Leg lifts
D.Sit ups

Flexing the legs during this exercise helps better isolate the low-back musculature; moreover, less pressure is applied to the lumbar disks from the hamstrings.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-6

13.This exercise targets many of the hip and knee muscles.
A.Knee extension
B.Physio-Ball Wall Squats
C.Calf raises
D.Leg adduction

This exercise is safe because it utilizes a physio ball for support.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3

However, muscles may shorten or lengthen in the absence of a contraction through passive movement caused by other contracting muscles, momentum, gravity, or external forces such as manual assistance and exercise machines.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-1

15.The quadriceps muscle group contracts how when the body slowly lowers in a weight-bearing movement through lower-extremity action?
A.Eccentrically
B.Concentrically
C.Isometrically
D.Isotonically

The quadriceps functions as a decelerator to knee joint flexion in weight-bearing movements by contracting eccentrically to prevent too rapid downward movement.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-1
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-7

16.The body's system of levers and muscles works ______to produce smooth, powerful movement.
A.apart
B.synergistically
C.kinetically
D.concentrically

When movement is compromised by shortened and weak muscle tissue, pain usually results, thereby setting off a snowball of mechanical disadvantages.

Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-1
Learning Outcome: 21-2

17.Low back pain can be helped by strengthening the
A.erector spinae.
B.quadratus lumborum.
C.abdominals.
D.core.

A solid program that stretches and strengthens the lower lumbar spine and anterior spine is most beneficial.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-4

18.While regular crunches (sit-ups) work the rectus abdominus, this reverse crunch is a way to isolate more fibers of
A.external oblique.
B.transverse abdominus.
C.rectus abdominus.
D.psoas.

Because the trunk is flexed lifting the knees and not the torso, the abdominals are forced to work dynamically, especially on the eccentric (down) phase of this movement.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3

19.What acts on joints and muscles that cause contractions to occur?
A.Dynamic force
B.Gravity
C.Vector force
D.Contracting force

Contraction against gravity is evident in the lower extremities when the body moves into a vertical position, such as when rising from sleeping.

Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-1

20.Increasing muscle mass helps what condition?
A.Sarcopenia
B.Bursitis
C.Carpal tunnel
D.D.Obesity

Through increasing muscle mass, the body burns more calories and is less likely to gain excessive fat.

Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-7

Fill in the Blank Questions

21.The body's system of ______works synergistically to produce smooth, powerful movement.
levers and muscles

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-1

22.The ______is a powerful thigh muscle that has a direct relationship to the knee and patella.
rectus femoris

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-3

23.As the body ages, muscle mass decreases, a condition called ______.
sarcopenia

Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-7

24.Dysfunctional gait directly affects ______.
upper-body movement

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-7

25.______that condition areas and isolate the muscle groups can help individuals maintain natural movement, abate injury, and enjoy a better quality of life.
Specific stretching and resistance exercises

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3

26.Generally, ______consist of 10 repetitions and 2 to 3 sets.
clinical flexibility and therapeutic exercises

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3

27.A contraindication of lumbar extension is ______.
herniated disks

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-6

28.Physio ball squats strengthen mainly the ______muscles.
quadriceps and gluteus maximus

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-7

29.The trunk stabilization exercise is ideal for ______shoulder and hip areas.
bilateral

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-7

30.Straight-leg hip hyperextension strengthens the often weak ______hamstring.
proximal

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-7

31.Stretching the rectus femorus helps lengthen the belly of the muscle and can help correct ______disease.
Osgood-Schlatter

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3

32.The ______contraction of a muscle helps muscle hypertrophy.
eccentric

Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-1
Learning Outcome: 21-3

33.An imbalance between the posterior spine and ______muscles could lead to injury.
abdominal

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3

34.The ______functions as a decelerator to knee joint flexion in weight-bearing movements by contracting eccentrically to prevent too rapid downward movement.
quadriceps

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-7

35.Despite common myths, ______does not ensure sufficient development of muscle groups.
sports participation

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-6
Learning Outcome: 21-7

36.Therapists should stay within their scope of practice when recommending ______.
prescribed exercises

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-3

37.When performing therapeutic exercises, it is important to ______during the work phase.
exhale

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-3

38.When lifting a weight, for the most benefit the movement should always be ______.
slow and controlled

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-7

39.The abdominal muscles can become ______from overuse as postural muscles.
shortened

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-4

40.In the straight leg hamstring stretch, the ______do the lifting work, not the rope.
quadriceps

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3

41.The Active Isolated Stretching method recommends a(n) ______second stretch hold.
2

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-3

42.Because it also contributes to hip flexion, the ______can help skew the pelvis and make gait dysfunctional.
rectus femoris

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-4

43.During the rectus femorus stretch, contracting the abdominals throughout this movement prevents ______.
hip rotation

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-3

44.For some individuals with arthritis or other issues, the stretch and strengthening movements should be ______for comfort.
adjusted

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-4
Learning Outcome: 21-6

45.Someone with herniated disks can utilize the ______muscles to help protect the spine.
abdominals

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-4

46.For the straight leg hip hyperextension exercise, one can use ______to help challenge the muscles.
ankle weights

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-7

47.Because these muscles are in close proximity to this nerve, stretching the hamstring group can help ______issues.
sciatic

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-4

48.A solid treatment always includes treating both ______groups.
anterior and posterior muscle

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-7

49.A specific point to stretching and strengthening exercises is that ______be employed to the joints during the movements.
full range of motion (ROM)

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-7

50.As the quadriceps contracts, the ______allow the movement by lengthening.
hamstrings

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-1
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-6

21-1