Chapter 01 Introduction to Personality Theory

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Test Bank for Theories of Personality 9th Edition By Feist

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1.Whatistherelationshipbetweentheoryandeachofthefollowingterms:

(a)philosophy,(b)speculation,(c)hypothesis,and(d)taxonomy?

Answer:

A.Atheoryisasetofrelatedassumptionscapableofgeneratinghypotheses.Assuch,itisnarrowerthanaphilosophyandmoregeneralthanahypothesis.

B.Philosophydealswithwhatshouldbe,whereastheoriesarebuiltonscientificevidence.Theoryrelatestoabranchofphilosophycalledepistemology,orthenatureofknowledge,becausetheoryisanessentialtoolofscience,animportantmeansofgainingknowledge.

C.Althoughtheoriesarebuiltpartiallyonspeculation,theydonotstemfrombaselessspeculation.Theoristscombinescientificallyderiveddatawiththoughtfulspeculationtoconstructtheoriesthatwillleadtofurtherscientificexperimentation.

D.Ausefultheoryiscapableofgeneratingmultiplehypotheses,oreducatedguesses.Scientistscantesthypothesesthroughscientificexperimentation,whereastheoriesarenotdirectlytestable.

E.Theoriesshouldincludeacarefultaxonomy,orclassificationsystem.Ataxonomyismerelypartofausefultheory.Unlikeatheory,ataxonomyisnotdynamic;thatis,itisnotcapableofgeneratinghypotheses.
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2.Whatistherelationshipbetweentheoryandobservation?

Answer:

Theoriesandobservationshaveamutualanddynamicinteraction.Anewlyborntheoryisbuiltontentativeobservations.Scientistscantesthypothesesspawnedbythattheory,leadingtonewobservations.Asmoreobservationsbecomeavailable,thetheorycangrowtoincludeagreaternumberofhypotheses,and,inturn,scientistscantestthesehypothesesandprovideadditionalobservations.
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3.Listandbrieflydiscusssixcriteriaforausefultheory.

Answer:

A.Ausefultheoryshouldgeneratebothdescriptiveresearchandhypothesistesting.Atheorythatfailstosparkresearchfallsintodisuseandwillbediscardedbyscientists.

B.Atheorymustbeopentofalsifiability.Itmustsuggestresearchthatiscapableofeithersupportingorrefutingitsmajortenets.Theoriesthatcanexplainopposingdataarenotfalsifiable.

C.Theoriesshouldorganizeobservations.Atheoreticalframeworkallowsscientiststomakesenseoftheirfindings.

D.Atheoryshouldguideaction.Itprovidespeoplewitharoadmapformakingday-to-daydecisions.

E.Ausefultheoryisinternallyconsistent.Ithasasetofoperationaldefinitionsthatareusedconsistentlyanddoesnotofferopposinganswerstothesamequestions.

F.Atheoryshouldbeasparsimoniousaspossible.Otherthingsbeingequal,scientistspreferthesimpleroftwotheories.
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4.Theterm“personality”comesfromtheLatinword“persona,”whichmeans
A.thatwhichonetrulyis.
B.theevilsideofpeople.
C.atheatricalmask.
D.thesoul.
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5.Asetofrelatedassumptionsthatallowsscientiststouselogicaldeductivereasoningtoformulatetestablehypothesesis
A.thedefinitionofphilosophy.
B.thedefinitionofscientifictheory.
C.thedefinitionoftaxonomy.
D.anarmchairspeculation.
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6.Statementsformedinanif-thenframeworkaremostlikely
A.taxonomies.
B.philosophies.
C.theories.
D.definitionsofpersonality.
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7.Whichofthefollowingstatementshighlightstheroleoftheorywithinscience?
A.Theoriesenablescientiststoknowhowtheyshouldlivetheirlives.
B.Theoriesaretoolsusedbyscientiststogenerateresearchandorganizeobservations.
C.Theorybuildingistheultimateaimofscience.
D.Theoriesplaynoroleinscientificpursuits.
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8.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestcharacterizestherelationshipbetweenatheoryandahypothesis?
A.Atheoryisnarrowerthanahypothesis.
B.Atheoryisdirectlyverifiable,ahypothesisisnot.
C.Atheoryislogicallydeducedfromaspecifichypothesis.
D.Atheorymaygenerateoneormorehypotheses.
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9.Whichofthefollowingtermsisdefinedasaneducatedguessorpredictionscientificenoughforitsvaliditytobetestedthroughtheuseofthescientificmethod?
A.atheory
B.ahypothesis
C.aphilosophy
D.ataxonomy
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10._____focusedontheimportanceofearlychildhoodexperienceandonrelationshipswithparentsasguidingforcesthatshapepersonalitydevelopment.
A.Psychodynamictheories
B.Humanistic-existentialtheories
C.Dispositionaltheories
D.Biological-evolutionarytheories
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11.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutpsychodynamictheories?
A.Theyassumethatnegativeexperiencesfosterpsychologicalgrowthandarepartofthehumancondition.
B.Theyseetheunconsciousmindandmotivesasmuchmorepowerfulthantheconsciousawareness.
C.Theyholdthattheuniqueandlong-termtendenciestobehaveinparticularwaysaretheessenceofhumanpersonality.
D.Theyemphasizethatwhatpeoplethink,feel,anddoisalwaysaninteractionbetweennatureandnurture.
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12.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueabouthumanistic-existentialtheories?
A.Theyholdthatallbehaviorsarelearnedthroughassociationanditsconsequences,whetheritisreinforcedorpunished.
B.Theyarguethatthepersonalitypeoplehaveisshapedbyhowtheythinkandperceivetheworld.
C.Theyassumeprimarilythatpeoplestrivetowardmeaning,growth,well-being,happiness,andpsychologicalhealth.
D.Theysuggestthattherearefivemaintraitdimensionsinhumanpersonalitythatservethefunctionofmakingcertainbehaviorslikelyinsomepeople.
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13._____assumethatnotonlyarepeopledrivenbyasearchformeaning,butalsothatnegativeexperiencessuchasfailure,awarenessofdeath,deathofalovedone,andanxiety,arepartofthehumanconditionandcanfosterpsychologicalgrowth.
A.Cognitivetheorists
B.Psychodynamictheorists
C.Dispositionaltheorists
D.Existentialtheorists
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14._____arguethattheuniqueandlong-termtendenciestobehaveinparticularwaysaretheessenceofhumanpersonality.
A.Dispositionaltheorists
B.Psychodynamictheorists
C.Biological-evolutionarytheorists
D.Learning-cognitivetheorists
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15.Whichofthefollowingtheoriesemphasizesthatwhatpeoplethink,feel,anddoisalwaysaninteractionbetweennatureandnurture?
A.learning-cognitivetheories
B.biological-evolutionarytheories
C.dispositionaltheories
D.psychodynamictheories
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16.The_____perspectivearguesthathowonethinksaboutoneselfandotherpeople,aswellastheassumptionsonemakesandthestrategiesoneusesforsolvingproblems,arethekeystounderstandingdifferencesbetweenpeople.
A.dispositional
B.biological
C.cognitive
D.existential
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17.Whatistherelationshipbetweenausefultheoryandresearchdata?
A.Theyaremutuallyexclusive.
B.Severaltheoriesmakeupanobservation.
C.Severalobservationsmakeupatheory.
D.Thereisamutualanddynamicinteractionbetweenthem.
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18.Atheorymaybesetasidewhenit
A.generatestestablehypotheses.
B.explainsasetofobservations.
C.isprovenbyexperimentation.
D.losesitsusefulness.
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19.Thepersonalities,cognitiveprocesses,developmentalhistories,andsocialexperiencesofpersonalitytheoristshelpshapetheirtheories.Thedisciplinethatdealswiththesefactorsiscalled
A.personology.
B.psychology.
C.sociology.
D.thepsychologyofscience.
E.psychobiology.
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20.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutpersonalitytheories?
A.Theyareformerprinciplesthathavebeenproventrue.
B.Theyoriginatefromthehistorical,social,andpsychologicalworldoftheiroriginators.
C.Theyareusefultoolsofsciencetotheextentthattheyarevaluefree.
D.Theyshouldnotbeopentofalsification.
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21.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutdescriptiveresearch?
A.Itisdesignedtotesthypotheses.
B.Itcontributestoexpandingatheory.
C.Itisthatwhichusesanexperimentaldesign.
D.Itisexpressedbyif-thenstatements.
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22.Ausefultheorymustbefalsifiable,whichmeansthat
A.itwilleventuallybeprovenfalse.
B.itmustbepreciseenoughtosuggestresearchthatmayeithersupportorfailtosupportitsmajortenets.
C.itshouldbeflexibleenoughtoencompassopposingdataintoitsframework.
D.itmustbeeithertrueorfalse.
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23.Whichofthefollowingisnotafunctionofausefultheory?
A.Itwillgenerateresearch.
B.Itwillbeconsistentwithone’sphilosophyoflife.
C.Itorganizesobservations.
D.Itservesasaguidetoaction.
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24.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueabouttheory?
A.Atheorycanbeapracticalguideforapsychotherapist.
B.Theoryandpracticearemutuallyexclusive.
C.Otherthingsbeingequal,themorecomplexatheory,thebetter.
D.Agoodtheorygivesopposinganswerstoasinglequestion.
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25.Partoftheinternalconsistencyofatheoryis
A.ataxonomy.
B.asetofoperationaldefinitions.
C.itsagreementwitholder,moreestablishedtheories.
D.itsempiricalvalidity.
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26.Aresearcherusesthenumberoftimesapersonsmilesatothersasameasureoffriendliness.Thisanexampleof
A.anoperationaldefinition.
B.hypothesistesting.
C.parsimony.
D.internalconsistency.
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27.Ausefultheoryshouldbeparsimonious,meaningthatitshouldbe
A.basedonempiricalresearch.
B.complex.
C.simple.
D.verifiable.
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28.Whichofthefollowingisnotadimensionusedbytheauthorstoassessatheorist’sconceptofhumanity?
A.determinismversusfreechoice
B.orderversusdisorder
C.pessimismversusoptimism
D.consciousversusunconscious
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29.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutareliabletest?
A.Itisalwaysvalid.
B.Itmeasureswhatitpurportstomeasure.
C.Itcorrelatespositivelywithitsvalidity.
D.Ityieldsconsistentresults.
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30.Ifscoresonaninstrumentthatmeasuresintroversioncorrelatehighlywithanumberofothermeasuresofintroversion—forexample,shynessandinhibition—thenthatinstrumentissaidtohave
A.discriminantvalidity.
B.convergentvalidity.
C.divergentvalidity.
D.test-retestreliability.
E.concurrentreliability.
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31.Atestthatcanaccuratelydivideextravertsfromintrovertsissaidtohave
A.internalconsistency.
B.divergentvalidity.
C.convergentvalidity.
D.discriminantvalidity.
E.test-retestreliability.
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32.Theextentthatatestpredictssomefuturebehaviorisreferredtoas

A.test-retestreliability.
B.predictivevalidity.
C.divergentvalidity.
D.internalconsistency.
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Category# of Questions

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