Ch. 8 Guided Reading

Ch. 8 Guided Reading

8.1Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills Sample questions and answers: What You Know 1. Carbon atoms have 6 electrons 2. Carbon is not a metal. 3. Carbon has 4 valence electrons. 4. Diamond is one form of carbon. 5. Graphite is a form of carbon. What You Learned 1. Carbon is able to form four bonds. 2. Carbon atoms can form straight chains, branched chains, and rings. 3. Few elements have the ability of carbon to form bonds with both other carbon atoms and with atoms of other elements. 4. Fullerenes, and nanotubes are two forms of pure carbon. 5. Nanotubes can conduct electricity and heat. 1. b 2. bonds 3. true 4. b 5. a. straight chain b. branched chain c. ring 6. Carbon can exist in different forms because of the ways it can form bonds. 7. a. Crystal structure; Extremely hard and unreactive; Gems, cutting tools b. Graphite; Layers c. Fullerene d. Nanotube; Tiny, light, flexible, strong 8. Diamonds form at very high temperatures

8.2

Carbon Compounds Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills Sample outline: I. Organic compounds II. Hydrocarbons A. Properties of hydrocarbons B. Chemical formulas of hydrocarbons III. Structure and bonding in hydrocarbons A. Structural formulas B. Isomers C. Double bonds and triple bonds D. Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons IV. Substituted hydrocarbons A. Compounds containing halogens B. Alcohols C. Organic acids V. Structure and bonding in hydrocarbons VI. Structure and bonding in hydrocarbons 1. organic compounds 2. Organic compounds have low melting points and low boiling points. 3. a, c 4. A hydrocarbon is a compound that contains only the elements carbon and hydrogen. 5. Hydrocarbons are flammable and they release a great deal of energy when they burn. 6. A molecule of propane has three carbon atoms and eight hydrogen atoms. 7. straight chains, branched chains, ring-shaped chains 8. It shows the kind, number, and arrangement of atoms in a molecule. 9. bond 10. Students should draw an “H” at the end of each bond, for a total of eight hydrogen atoms. 11. isomers 12. false 13. a. Saturated hydrocarbon; –ane b. Unsaturated hydrocarbon; Sample: Acetylene 14. substituted hydrocarbon 15. One or more halogen atoms replace the hydrogen atoms. 16. c 17. alcohol 18. b, d 19. b 20. organic acid 21. ester 22. true 23. A polymer is a very large molecule made of a chain of many smaller molecules bonded together. 24. monomers 25. b, d

8.3

Polymers and Composites Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills Sample questions and answers: How do polymers form? (Polymers form when chemical bonds link large numbers of monomers in a repeating pattern.) How do polymers and composites compare? (A composite often includes one or more polymers.) Why are there too many polymers? (It is often cheaper to throw some polymers away and make new ones than it is to reuse them, resulting in more trash.) 1. A polymer is a large, complex molecule built from smaller molecules joined together in a repeating pattern. 2. carbon 3. monomers 4. Polymers form when chemical bonds link large numbers of monomers in a repeating pattern. 5. true 6. cellulose and starch 7. true 8. amino acids 9. a.Low-density polyethylene b. High-density polyethylene c. Polypropylene d. Polyvinyl chloride e. Polystyrene f. Nylon g. Teflon 10. coal or oil11. Plastics are synthetic polymers that can be molded or shaped. 12. The natural materials are too expensive or wear out too quickly. 13. Composites combine two or more substances in a new material with different properties. 14. false 15. Fiberglass 16. Plastics increase the volume of trash; it is often cheaper to throw plastics away and make new plastics than it is to reuse them. Plastics don’t break down into simpler materials in the environment. 17. One solution is to use waste plastic as raw material for making new plastic products.

8.4

Life With Carbon Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills Sample questions and answers: What is a carbohydrate? (A carbohydrate is an energy-rich organic compound made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.) What are proteins? (Proteins are polymers formed from amino acid monomers.) What are lipids? (Lipids are energy-rich compounds made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.) What are nucleic acids? (Nucleic acids are very large organic molecules made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.) What are other compounds in foods? (Other compounds in foods include vitamins, minerals, and water.) 1. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids 2. A carbohydrate is an energy-rich organic compound made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 3. glucose 4. The body circulates glucose to all body parts through blood. 5. complex carbohydrate 6. a. The complex carbohydrate that is stored by plants for energy; Bread, cereal, pasta, rice, potatoes b. The complex carbohydrate that gives plant stems and roots strength; Fruits and vegetables 7. proteins 8. true 9. Different proteins are made when different sequences of amino acids are linked into long chains. 10. a, b, d 11. The body uses proteins to build and repair body parts and to regulate cell activities. 12. Lipids are energy-rich compounds made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. 13. fats, waxes, oils, cholesterol 14. lipids 15. Each fat or oil is made of three fatty acids and one alcohol named glycerol. 16. Nucleic acids are very large organic molecules made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. 17. a. DNA; nucleotides b. RNA; nucleotides that differ from those in DNA 18. nucleotides 19. The differences depend on the order of nucleotides in their DNA. 20. DNA; RNA; amino acids 21. a. Organic compounds that serve as helper molecules in a variety of chemical reactions; Vitamin C, Vitamin D b. Elements needed by the body; Sodium, calcium, iron, iodine, potassium 22. true