Cells, Tissues, and Mitosis Practice Test

10A: Practice Test

Name: ______

1. List 3 characteristics of life. [3 marks]

all organisms must: exchange gases or respire, consume, eleminate waste, reproduce, interact with their env't or communicate, locomote, etc.

2. A hundred years ago people observed that in a pond following winter there was no algae. Then one day in May following a rainstorm algae was observed in the same pond. People concluded that the rain brought algae. Use the cell theory to explain what really happened. [3 marks]

Thus this had nothing to do with rain creating living organisms. The cell theory states that all living things are made up of cells, cells are the smallest units of life, and cells come from other living cells. This means that because cells are so small, people could not see the algae in the water. Also the few that were there began to reproduce as the weather became warmer creating enough cells that people could see their presence.

3. What is the equation of life? [2 marks]

glucose burns within the cells in the presence of oxygen to produce energy, carbon dioxide and water

4. Are elephant cells larger then mouse cells. Explain [4 marks]

No elephant and mouse cells are roughly the same size. All cells can only grow as big as their surface area to volume ratio will allow for diffusion of nutrients and gases into and out of the innermost part of the cell. When this can no longer happen, the cell can't efficiently perform the functions of life. Thus cells stop growth and will then split to reproduce more new cells. So an elephant simply has more cells not larger cells.

_C__5. During which phase do the chromosomes become visible?

A) Telophase B) anaphase C) prophase D) interphase

_C__ 6. During which phase does the spindle form? A) Telephase B) cytokinesis C) prophase D) interphase

_C___ 7. In what process does the cell reproduce its organelles?

A) mitosis B) G1 phase C) cytokinesis D) spindle formation

8. Identify the stages of the cell cycle shown below. [4 marks]

A) __prophase______B) ___metaphase______

C)___telephase______D) ___Anaphase______

9. With the aid of labelled diagrams explain how prophase and interphase similar and different. [6 marks]

_C_10. When will a cell undergo mitosis?

A) Before the DNA has been replicated B) When there is limited space

C) When a protein signals it is time D) When there are limited nutrients

Exp 3.2

11. Match the following:

Letter / Function / Organelle
K / 1. A rigid structure that gives shape to the cell. / A. nucleolus
J / 2. digest food for cell / B. ribosomes
I / 3. Green structures for photosynthesis / C. cytoplasm
B / 4. Factories that make proteins / D. cell membrane
A / 5. Controls the activities of the cell / E. golgi appartus
D / 6. Controls what moves in and out of the cell / F. food vacuole
L / 7. Contains genes made up of DNA / G. central vacuole
C / 8. A jell-like substance that supports the organelles / H. mitochondrion
G / 9. A large water vacuole / I. chloroplast
H / 10. The power house that makes energy / J. lysosome
F / 11. Stores food / k. cell wall
E / 12. The packaging center / L. chromosomes

12. How are plant and animal cells different? [2 marks]

Plant cells have certain structures that animals do not such as chloroplasts for photosynthesis, or large water vacuoles called central vacuoles. Animal cells have centrioles which plant cells do not.

Exp 3.2

13. A) Why do cells specialize? [2 marks]

In order to perform all life's functions cells must be in a location to access nutrients, and

exchange gases. When cells grow in clumps (colonies) they are surrounded by other cells and it becomes difficult to gain access to all of the necessary chemicals. Cells in some locations begin to perform one function better than the others and rely on neighbouring cells to make up what they lack for. Cells in the stomach specialize in

digesting and have developed more lysosomes and golgi appartus to create chemicals and mucus but they still need oxygen. This is where the trading of services arises. The stomach cells receive oxygen from specialized lung cells etc.

B) What is it about the structure of a bone cell that makes it good at its job? [2 marks]

Bone cells have rings of hardened calcium in their centres. This makes them difficult to compress or expand when a force is applied to them. If all the cells in a bone behave this way it creates a rigid structure that muscles can push and pull against to move.

C) What cell does the same job in plants as a bone cell in humans? [1 mark]

The cortex cells in the stems or spongy mesophyl in the leaves

D) Explain why xylem cells can’t do the same job a palisade cells? [2 marks]

Palisade cells are in the leaves and they contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis. Xylem cells occur in leaves and stems but they are hollow like straws for transporting water.

Because xylem does not have chloroplasts these cells can't photosynthesize.

Inquiry

B2.3

1. Match the Following

Description / Word
N / 1. Produces the light / A. base
D / 2. magnifies the specimen / B. revolving nosepiece
M / 3. supports the slide and specimen / C. stage clips
L / 4. Moves stage up and down to focus / D. objective lenses
A / 5. supports the microscope and is used to carry it / E. arm
B / 6. Allows the objectives to be rotated / F. Body tube
E / 7. Supports the body tube and is used to carry the microscope / H. diaphragm
H / 8. Controls the amount of light entering the field of view / J. eye piece
C / 9. Prevents the slide from slipping / K. condenser
O / 10. Used to finely focus / L. coarse adjustment/ focus
F / 11. supports the eyepiece / M. stage
J / 12. allows the observer to see the specimen / N. mirror/ light
K / 13. focuses the light on the specimen / O. fine adjustment/ focus

2. Label the following parts of the microscope

A ___stage______

B_revolving nosepiece_____

C__ocular lens___

D___coarse focus____

E___high power objective_____

F___stage clip_____

G___body tube__

H__fine focus____

3. Match any 7 of the letters with the correct word

Structure / Letter
1) nucleus / C
2) Cell wall / L
3) mitochondrion / K
4) ribosome / F
5) chloroplast / B
6) nucleolus / M
7) Central vacuole / H
8) Chromosome / D
9) Cell membrane / J
10) Cytoplasm / A
11) Lysosome / I
12) Endoplasmic reticulum / E
13) Golgi body/complex / G

Which cell is a plant cell __2____

4. A student is not able to see the specimen when he rotates lenses from medium to high power. Explain three possible reasons why this may be the case. [3 marks]

Not enough light in the feild of view: the aperature (hole) in the lens gets smaller with increasing magnification letting less light in.

Since the aperature is smaller unless the object is in the center of the field of view it will move outside the view when a more powerfull lens it rotated in

The new lens is not in focus with the object.

5. Oder the following according to when you would perform them while working with a microscope.

Order / Description
4 / Use the coarse focus
7 / Draw the specimen
1 / Get a field of view
5 / Use the medium power objective
2 / Place specimen on stage
6 / Use the fine focus
3 / Use the scanning lens

6. Examine the diagram below. Is this normal division or cancer. Provide your reasoning. [4 marks]

This appears to be normal

cell growth because the cells are regular shaped and of equal size. The nuclei are also single and of similar size with one to a cell.

Cancer cells such as on the left have irregular shapes, they are antisocial and pile up on each other leaving no spaces between cells. Cancer cells will have uneven sized cells and nuclei because an error has occurred in the splitting process creating cells with too little or too much genetic information.

7. Identify whether the following are plant or animal cells, the tissue type they would belong and their function.[6 marks]

Animal or plant
______animal______
Cell name: ____muscle______
Tissue Name: ___muscle______
Function: to contract and relax allowing movement
Animal or plant
______Plant______
Cell name: __xylem and phloem______
Tissue Name: __vascular______
Function: to move fluids and nutrients

8. Identify two techniques for diagnosing cancer. [2 marks]

Examining cells – cancer cells look, communicate, and behave differently than normal body cells. (view the video on the wiki). A small section of cells may be cut away from a tumour and examined. This is called a biopsy.Imaging techniques – endoscope (fiber optic tube attached to a camera) used on intestines, X-Rays (2-D image Ex. Mammograms), Ultrasound (for soft tissues such as the heart and liver), CT (X-rays in a 3-D arrangement), and MRI (3-D image using radio waves)

B) Identify two treatments for cancer and explain one. [4 marks]

1) Surgery – physically remove as much of the cancerous tumour as possible.

2) Chemotherapy – killing cancerous cells using drugs taken orally or intravenously. The side effects may include: hair loss, nausea, and fatigue. These chemicals travel throughout the body and will kill undetected tumours.

3) Radiation – damages those cells that are continually dividing due to the accumulation of DNA damage. This means eventually the daughter cells will not be able to reproduce ultimately shrinking tumours. Ionizing radiation can be delivered by shining a beam of energy a the site or implanting a radioactive source into the tumour.

4) Biophotonics – using beams of light to detect and treat cancer.

Learning Goals

B3.1 describe the cell cycle in animals, and explain its importance for the growth of cells and repair of tissues.

I am able to:

· define the cell theory and the characteristics of life

· define the cell cycle, and label a diagram to show the various stages

· describe what happens in each stage of the cell cycle (interphase, mitosis: prophase, metaphase etc.)

· Draw labeled representations of the changes in the cell as it progresses through mitosis. (what is moving and what is disappearing, reappearing)

explain why the cell must cycle and the consequences if it does not do so correctly.

B3.2 describe the structure, function, and importance of specialized cells and tissues in multicellular organisms (e.g., neurons have many branching dendrites and long axons to receive and transmit messages; muscle cells

have a higher concentration of mitochondria, which produce energy)

I am able to:

· differentiate between animal cells and plant cells based on the organelles present/or absent

· label animal and plant cell diagrams

· describe the structures and functions of cell organelles and relate them back to the function of the cell (Ex. sperm cells have more mitochondria)

explain the need for specialized cells

B2.2 examine cells under a microscope or similar instrument to identify the various stages of mitosis in animals [PR, AI]

I am able to:

· use a microscope with care and confidence to locate obvious cell organelles

· Create accurate labeled microscopic drawings (including magnification and size measurements)

· identify stages of mitosis using microscopic techniques

B2.3 investigate, using a microscope or similar instrument, cell specialization in the human body ,focusing on different types of human cells (e.g.,muscle cells, epithelial cells, nerve cells), and draw labeled biological diagrams of each type

of cell [PR, C]

· I am able to:

· draw accurate images of various cell tissues viewed under a microscope

identify various images of cell tissue such as skin cell, muscle cell, etc. and label the obvious organelles

B3.3 explain cell organization by describing the link between cells, tissues, organs, and systems in the human body

I am able to:

provide examples of the different levels of organization within each of the different systems. (Ex. Circulatory system>Heart>cardiac muscle tissue>red blood cells)

B2.4 compare, on the basis of observation (e.g.,using pictures, videos, or images), the division of cancerous cells and noncancerous cells, and

describe the impact of cancerous cells on the human body [PR, AI]

I am able to:

· Compare diagrams or microscopic pictures of cells in division and identify the differences between normal cell division and cancer cell division.

· Identify the differences between normal and cancerous cells based on size, colour, shape and behavior.

· Explain the differences in characteristics of cancerous cells and non-cancerous cells

· Explain how cancer occurs and the damages or affects on the body

· Describe screening techniques

Describe treatment techniques